由“触邪之义”到“正色立朝”:杜甫进《雕赋》的政治文化内涵及相关问题论析

From“The Spirit of Confronting Evil”to“Establishing a Righteous and Upright Government”:An Analysis of the Political and Cultural Connotations of Du Fu’s Submission of Fu of the Carved Birds"and Related Issues

关于《雕赋》的进呈时间,旧注有天宝九载和天宝十三载二说。今结合杜甫授官经过,并与《进封西岳赋表》对比,推断其为杜甫初次投献,时间在天宝六载落第后,至天宝九载冬预献《三大礼赋》前。《雕赋》塑造了忠直勇猛,具有“触邪之义”的雕鸟形象,使之成为大臣“正色立朝”政治人格的寓托。这一人格理想在疏救房琯等行为中获得真切履践。赋中的“正色立朝”精神,远源于杜甫的贞观政治理想、近则呼应开元时代的谏诤治道典范,渗透了杜甫对于天宝政治现实的关切,映现着开元、天宝政治风气的变迁。投献失意的结果,则可能与天宝谏诤渐衰的政治环境和玄宗之于献赋的取向有关。

There are two different views regarding the time of submission of Du Fu’s“Fu of the Carved Birds”in the old annotations,namely,the ninth year of Tianbao and the thirteenth year of Tianbao.Combining with Du Fu’s official appointments and comparing it with the“Tablet for offering sacrifices to heaven on the Huashan Mountain”,it is inferred that it was Du Fu’s first submission,occurring between his failure in the imperial examinations in the sixth year of Tianbao and his anticipated submission of“Three Great Rituals”in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao.“Fu of the Carved Birds”portrays a bird sculpture with the qualities of loyalty,righteousness,courage,and the determination to confront evil,symbolizing the political character of ministers who“establish a righteous and upright government”.This ideal character is concretely realized through Du Fu’s efforts to save individuals like Fang Guan.The spirit of“establishing a righteous and upright government”in the poem is rooted in Du Fu’s political ideals during the Zhenguan era and echoes the model of admonishment and righteous governance in the Kaiyuan era,reflecting Du Fu’s concerns about the political reality of the Tianbao era and the changing political atmosphere of the Kaiyuan and Tianbao eras.The result of the unsuccessful submission may be related to the declining political environment of admonishment during the Tianbao era and Emperor Xuanzong’s orientation towards submissions.