厉祀、殇祀与《国殇》《礼魂》的祭义

Li Sacrifice,Shang Sacrifice and the Sacrificial Intention of Guoshang and Lihun

周有七祀制度,王祀泰厉、诸侯祀公厉、大夫祀族厉,以厉祀祭祀无后者。殇祀则祭祀二十岁以下的殇者,使其附先祖从食。二者皆以祭祀的方式,使其魂有所归而不为祟。兵死者不入兆域,通过集体安葬而享受祭祀。楚有厉神,又有武夷掌兵死者,皆使兵死者享受祭祀而有所归。由厉祀、殇祀制度观察,《国殇》当为楚国为兵死者举行的公祀仪式,以安其魂。按照楚汉的魂魄观念,神灵魂魄合一,常人则魂飞魄散,故《礼魂》当为安魂曲,用于人鬼之祀,其当为《国殇》的附歌,而非送神曲。

The Zhou Dynasty had a seven-sacrifice system,where the king sacrificed to Taili,the feudal lords sacrificed to Gongli,and the high officials sacrificed to Zuili,in order to offer sacrifices to those without descendants.The Shang ritual was used to sacrifice those who died before the age of 20,making them attached to their ancestors for food.Both of these were ways to give the souls a place to return to and prevent them from causing trouble.Soldiers who died in battle were not buried in the ancestral graveyard,but were buried together and offered sacrifices.Chu had a god of Li,as well as Wuyi,who was in charge of soldiers who died in battle,both of which allowed the dead soldiers to be offered sacrifices and have a place to return to.Judging from the Li and Shang sacrifice system,Guoshang should be a public sacrificial ceremony held by Chu for its soldiers who died in battle,in order to appease their souls.According to the concept of soul and spirit in Chu and Han,for immortals,the soul and spirit are integrated,while for ordinary people,their souls and their spirits are scattered.Therefore,Lihun should be a song for soothing the soul,used for sacrificing the dead,and it should be an attached song to Guoshang,not a song for sending off gods.