法律与法的评价互动——克劳斯-威廉·卡纳里斯《法律漏洞的确定》述评

Evaluation Interaction Between Statute and Law——A Review of Determination of Legal Loophole by Claus-Wilhelm Canaris

作为法学方法论领域的经典名著,卡纳里斯的《法律漏洞的确定》对我国具有重要借鉴意义。所谓“法律漏洞”,是指由法律和习惯法组成的实证法之违反计划的不完整性,而法律漏洞的“确定”则是有别于其“填补”的独立方法论层次。卡纳里斯的理论既具有鲜明的实务取向性,又具有超越具体部门法的普遍性。通过对法律漏洞的概念、漏洞确定的标准和工具、漏洞的种类、漏洞确定和漏洞填补的关系、漏洞填补的界限五大议题的深入研讨,本书完整勾勒出“法官在法律外续造法之前提与界限”。其中,跨越不同法秩序的普适性内容包括合理界定漏洞领域、细化漏洞确定方法、指明裁判说理框架、标示法官造法边界等,从而形成一套颇具可操作性的理论体系。在借鉴的基础上,还应对此予以批判性反思和本土化发展。例如,需价值填充的概念和概括条款是否构成法律漏洞、整体类推抑或归纳适用等问题不无探讨空间,而我国立法中的成文基本原则、法定主义条款等特色规定则具有重要的方法论意涵。如此,便能进一步推进法律漏洞确定理论乃至整个法学方法论的科学性与可操作性,从而充分实现法律与法的评价互动。

As a classic work in the field of legal methodology,Claus-Wilhelm Canaris' “Determination of Legal Loophole” has important reference significance for China.The so-called “legal loophole” refers to the incompleteness of positive law(i.e.Statute and customary law) which violates the legislative plan,and the “determination” of legal loopholes is an independent methodological level different from its “filling”.Canaris' theory not only has a clear practical orientation,but also has universality beyond specific departmental laws.Through in-depth discussions on the concept of legal loopholes,the standards and tools for determining loopholes,the types of loopholes,the relationship between loophole determination and loophole filling,and the boundaries of loophole filling,this book fully outlines the premise and boundaries for judges' Rechtsfortbildung Praeter Legem.Among them,the universal content that spans different legal orders includes reasonably defining the scope of loopholes,refining the methods of determining loopholes,indicating the framework of judicial reasoning,and marking the boundaries of judge's legal creation,thus forming a highly operational theoretical system.On the basis of reference,critical reflection and localized development should also be given to this.For example,there is room for discussion on whether the concepts that require value filling and general clauses constitute legal loopholes,and on the controversial issue of whether overall analogy or induction.However,the distinctive provisions such as written basic principles and legalism provisions in China's legislation have important methodological implications.In this way,the scientific and operational nature of the theory of determining legal loopholes and even the entire legal methodology can be further promoted,thus fully realizing the evaluation interaction between statute and law.