从历史观的探索到唯物主义哲学的革命——《黑格尔法哲学批判》的理论变革逻辑及其发展进路

From the Exploration of the View of History to the Revolution of Materialist Philosophy——The Theoretical Transformation Logic and Its Development Path of the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right

费尔巴哈在其直观唯物主义哲学中从现实的人出发把国家看作人与人之间在知识和能力上相互补充的产物,仍然停留在唯心史观的领地之中。马克思在批判黑格尔国家观的过程中通过“有差别的活动”这一命题而把国家看作人与人之间在利益与活动中相互补足的关系,首次提出了家庭和市民社会决定国家的唯物史观的命题,发现了形式和物质两个不同层次的国家及其两者之间的矛盾。马克思的这一命题不是费尔巴哈的直观唯物主义在社会历史领域的运用,而是在改造费尔巴哈国家观的基础上提出来的新的哲学原则。马克思随后通过对市民社会之物质生产劳动的深入研究,把实践活动作为能动的原则从社会历史领域拓展到人与自然的关系之中,第一次建立了一种真正彻底的唯物主义哲学。

Feuerbach viewed the state as the product of complementary knowledge and abilities between different individuals from his opinions of the reality of human beings in his intuitive materialist philosophy,it still remained within the realm of idealistic historical views.Marx regarded the state as a complementary relationship about their interests and activities through the proposition of"differentiated activities"between different individuals in the process of criticizing Hegel's view of the state,thus he put forward the proposition of historical materialism that family and civil society determine the state,and discovered formal state and material state and its contradiction.This proposition of Marx is not the application of Feuerbach's intuitive materialism in the field of social history,it is a new philosophical principle that transformed from Feuerbach's national view.Subsequently,Marx expanded practical activities from the field of social history to the relationship between man and nature as a dynamic principle by intensively studying on the material production labor of civil society,and set up a truly thorough materialist philosophy for the first time.