“希望”何以被视为最重要“学说”甚或唯一论题——伽达默尔哲学中的“希望”之思探论

Why can“Hope”be Regarded as the Most Important Doctrine or Even the Only Topic of Gadamer:The Essence of“Hope”in Gadamer's Philosophy

“希望”问题在伽达默尔思想中具有整体性的、内在性的重要意义,是他后期声称的最重要“学说”,也是他没有任何保留地捍卫的唯一论题。伽达默尔承续海德格尔思想,既肯定时间性、历史性之于解释学的重大意义,也强调未来性之于实践哲学理智理想的内在关联。不同于将希望归为宗教上的上帝信仰、视作心理性的激情之物,抑或作为科学知识的应用的理解,伽达默尔把希望问题看作哲学性论题,将其置于“人的此在”的存在结构要素、实践哲学的“理智理想”和生活世界规划创造三个维度上分析,阐明希望既是人的此在的自身理解与规定,且由其显现而构成存在本身,也是实践理性具体化的普遍性理智理想,还是生活世界应有改变的可能性规划与期望构想。解释学存在论、实践理智具体化,整体方向性、未来性和历史性的统一以及理性自由共同构成了“希望”之思的重要特性。伽达默尔主张希望不由外而来,而来自人的此在之理解,“逻各斯”与“努斯”精神相结合,是以善本身为目的的世界定向筹划。哲学的工作和任务在于,让超越性的“希望”得到理性化、具体化与现实化之规定、实行,以使人们从中获得关于希望的满足和实现。

“Hope”is an important topic in Gadamer's philosophical thinking.He declared that“man cannot live without hope”is his most important and even only“theory”,and this even became the only topic he defended without any reservation.Gadamer inherited Heidegger's thought,affirmed a great significance of temporality and historicity to hermeneutics,and emphasized an internal connection between futurism and the rational ideal of practical philosophy.Unlike most humanists who either classify hope as a religious belief in God,or conceive it as something like a passion which is based on psychological emotions,or explain hope as an applied understanding of scientific knowledge,Gadamer posited the question of hope into three dimensions of thinking as follows,namely,the structural elements of the existence of“human being”,the“rational ideal”of practical philosophy,as well as the current situation and future direction of the life world.He successfully proved,in a very profound way,that hope is a philosophical issue,it is not only the self-understanding and regulation of human being,but also the universal and ideal goal for the reflection of practical rationality.Moreover,hope even constitutes a possibility of planning the current situation as well as envisioning the change of the life world.The important characteristics of Gadamer's thought on“hope”can be summed up by the following keywords,such as ontology,concretization of practical rationality,overall directionality,futurism and historicity,as well as rational freedom.What Gadamer advocates is that hope does not come from the outside,but from people's own understanding,free imagination,and rational regulations,which lies in the world oriented planning with good itself as its goal,while all scientific knowledge and actions can be incorporated into practical philosophical thinking in pursuit of the satisfaction and realization of hope.