欲望、谋杀与复仇:发掘一段可能的先商史

Desire,Murder,and Revenge:Excavating a Possible Period of Pre-Shang History

《史记·殷本纪》所记先商殷祖十四世只有名字而没有事迹。先商史的研究也因材料缺乏而难以展开。传世文献关于王亥、河伯、上甲微、有易氏等的零星记载与甲骨卜辞和新出清华简相关简文相结合,让我们进一步弄清楚以上人物之间的关系,从而使有效探讨这一时期的先商史成为可能。研究发现,甲骨卜辞中的“汅”应该与清华简《保训》中的“河”和传世文献中的“河伯”同属一人,他先是联合有易氏和王恒设计害死王亥,之后又贿赂王恒获得了殷主地位,直到王亥之子上甲微以武力为父报仇之后才交出权力,而上甲微也因为能够重正并继承殷人统绪而享受殷人报祭。河伯、王恒虽然手上沾有王亥的鲜血,但由于他们在殷人建立的祖先祭祀的链条中不可或缺,也仍然作为殷人先祖而享受后代的祭祀。这一建构是对先商史的重要补充。

The names of the fourteen pre-Shang kings are listed in the Shiji,upon which the study of pre-Shang history heavily relies,yet the trances of their actions are rarely recorded in it.The study of pre-Shang history consequently suffers from such lack of information.The combination of piecemeal information on the story of Wang Hai,He Bo,Shangjia Wei,the Youyi,and others seen in some other transmitted texts,related oracle bone inscriptions,and the newly discovered Tsing-hua collection of Warring States writings on bamboo strips,however,makes it possible for us to further reconstruct this period of pre-Shang story.This study identifies the name Mian污often seen in the oracle bone inscriptions the same as He河appearing in the"Baoxun"piece of the Tsinghua collection of Warring States writings and He Bo河伯,one of the key figures in the abovementioned pre-Shang story.This He Bo may have plotted with the king of Youyi of the time and Wang Heng to murder Wang Hai,Heng's elder brother and a pre-Shang king,and subsequently bribed Heng,who succeeded to the throne after his brother's death,forcing the latter to hand power to him and make him king of the pre-Shang people.He Bo remained on the throne until later Shangjia Wei con-trolled the Shang military power and forced him to abdicate.Nevertheless,He Bo and Wang Heng remained on the list of pre-Shang rulers receiving sacrifice from later Shang kings because of their roles as pre-Shang kings indispensable for the making of an ancestral chain to ensure uninterrupted connection between the living king at one end and the Supreme Ruler at the other.