宁夏潮土区有机肥替代化学氮肥对玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响

Effect of organic fertilizer replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency by maize in fluvo-aquic soil of Ningxia

有机肥替代化肥是实现化肥零增长的重要技术途径之一。在宁夏潮土区开展田间单因素试验,设置不施氮肥处理(CK)、常规施氮肥处理(N 285 kg/hm^(2),T1)及有机肥替代10%(T2)、20%(T3)、30%(T4)的化学氮肥,共5个处理,研究不同用量有机肥替代化学氮肥对潮土土壤理化性质和玉米生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,旨在为潮土区玉米高产高效栽培提供理论与技术依据。结果表明:(1)不同用量有机肥替代化肥的处理即T2、T3、T4在玉米收获后土壤容重、全盐含量均显著低于常规施氮处理T1,有机质及碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均显著高于T1;T2、T3、T4处理间土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均表现为T4>T3>T2。(2)在玉米抽雄吐丝前各生育期,T2、T3、T4玉米株高、茎粗、SPAD值均显著高于T1,其均值较T1分别高12.7%、6.3%和3.7%。(3)所有施肥处理籽粒产量均显著高于CK,其平均较CK高55.8%;3个替代处理相比,T4籽粒产量最高,T4、T3、T2分别较T1提高7.4%、2.71%和1.01%;T3、T4百粒质量显著高于T1,其平均较T1高8.3%。(4)所有替代处理玉米各器官全氮含量均显著高于T1,各处理氮素累积量表现为T4、T3>T2>T1>CK,T4处理氮肥利用效率最大,达57.15%。由此可见,潮土区种植玉米在总施氮量为285 kg/hm^(2)时,有机肥替代10%~30%的化学氮肥均能显著促进玉米生长,提高玉米产量、品质及氮肥利用效率,相比之下有机肥替代30%化学氮肥时能够获得最大的产量。

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties and maize growth,yield and nitrogen use efficiency,so as to provide the theoretical and technical basis for high-yield and high efficiency cultivation of maize in fluvo-aquic soil.A field one-factor experiment was conducted by five treatments,including control(CK),single application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer(N 285 kg/hm^(2),T1),organic fertilizer replacing 10%(T2),20%(T3)and 30%(T4)inorganic nitrogen fertilizer by maize in fluvo-aquic soil of Ningxia.The results showed that:(1)The soil bulk density and total salt content of T2,T3 and T4 were significantly lower than those of T1,and the organic matter and available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly higher than those of T1;The available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in soil of T2,T3 and T4 treatments were ranked as T4>T3>T2.(2)The plant height,stem diameter and SPAD of T2,T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than that of T1 at each growth stage before tasseling and silking,and their mean values were 12.7%,6.3%and 3.7%higher than that of T1,respectively.(3)The yield of all fertilization treatments was significantly higher than that of CK,with an average of 55.8%higher than CK.The mass of T3 and T4 was significantly higher than that of T1,with an average of 8.3%higher than that of T1.The grain yield of T4 was the highest,and T4,T3 and T2 were 7.4%,2.71%and 1.01%higher than T1,respectively.(4)The total nitrogen content in all organs of maize in all substitution treatments was significantly higher than that in T1.The nitrogen accumulation in all treatments was T4,T3>T2>T1>CK.The nitrogen utilization efficiency of T4 treatment was the highest,reaching 57.15%.In a conclusion,organic fertilizer replacing 10%-30%chemical nitrogen fertilizer improved significantly the growth,yield,quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency in maize under the premise of 285 kg/hm^(2)of total nitrogen application in the fluvo-aquic soil area.In contrast,the replacement of 30%chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer could obtain the maximum yield.