明清西南山区聚落分布的族群特点与水田开发——以云南顺宁县为例

Ethnic Characteristics of Settlement Distribution and Paddy Field Development in Southwestern Mountainous Areas during Ming and Qing Dynasties—A Case Study of Shunning County of Yunnan Province

明清是西南山区国家力量推进的重要时期,中央在山区一带改土归流、编排里甲,地方聚居族群逐渐成为了国家的“编户齐民”。同时,随着大规模移民的进入,山区族群分布呈现多样化,改变了聚落的族群特点。从对云南顺宁一带明清时期形成聚落空间分布来看,国家力量介入引发的族群特点变迁推动了聚落成型和山区水田开发。这一时期,与山区聚居族群生计相契合的梯田式水田开发出现了新的农作技艺,改良了族群的生计方式,适应了地方生态,促成了国家力量在边区山区的深入程度。

The Ming and Qing dynasties were an important period for the promotion of national strength in the southwestern mountainous areas of China.The central government abolished Tusi system,set up administrative institution,and implemented Lijia system in the area.Meanwhile,with the influx of large-scale immigrants,the distribution of ethnic groups in mountainous areas has diversified,changing the ethnic characteristics.From the restoration of the spatial distribution of settlements formed during the Ming and Qing dynasties in the Shunning area of Yunnan,it can be seen that the changes in ethnic characteristics caused by the intervention of state power have promoted the formation of settlements and the development of paddy fields in mountainous areas.During this period,new agricultural techniques emerged in the development of terraced paddy fields that were in line with the livelihoods of ethnic groups living in mountainous areas.This improved the way the ethnic groups lived,adapted to local ecology,and facilitated the deepening of national power in border mountainous areas.