国内生产网络与间接出口外溢:基于客户——供应商关系的证据

Domestic Production Networks and Indirect Export Spillovers:Evidence from Customer-Supplier Relationships

与直接出口相比,虽然大多数企业自身无法进入国际市场,仍然可以通过成为出口企业的供应商来实现间接出口,但这一重要现象较少受到研究关注。基于2009~2016年中国上市公司的客户—供应商数据,研究发现:(1)间接出口行为同样可以带来显著的出口学习效果,而且这一收益主要体现在自身缺乏直接出口能力的中小型企业;(2)知识传递、规模收益以及质量提升是间接出口外溢效应产生的3种作用机制;(3)间接外溢效果沿着生产链衰减,水平溢出效应同样存在,并且主要存在于共享供应商关系中;(4)企业从较新的间接出口关系中获得的生产率溢出效应更显著,网络边缘地带和搜寻效率低的企业从间接出口获益更大;(5)间接出口企业同样会受到出口企业负向需求冲击的上游传染效应,而且通过间接出口学习能够提高转化为直接出口商的概率。本文研究证实了在日益错综复杂的国内生产网络中,间接出口关联对中国企业尤其是中小企业参与全球化分工的重要价值。

Compared with direct exporters,although most firms cannot enter the international market by themselves,they can still benefit from indirect exporting by becoming domestic suppliers of exporters.However,comparatively less research attention has been paid to this sig⁃nificant phenomenon.Based on the data of customer-supplier of Chinese listed companies from 2009 to 2016,the findings of this paper are as follows.First,we find indirect exporting does cause significant learning effects,especially for those small and medium-sized firms lacking the ability to export directly.Second,knowledge transfer,scale economics,and quality improvement are the three important channels through which indirect spillover effects could occur.Third,indirect export spillovers attenuate along the production chain,and horizontal spillover ef⁃fects are also present and are mainly found in shared supplier relationships.Fourth,suppliers enjoy more significant productivity spillovers from the newer indirect export linkages.Firms at the fringe of the network or those with inefficient searches could benefit more from indirect exports.Finally,indirect exporters are also subject to the upstream contagion effects of negative demand shocks from exporters,and learning through indirect exports can increase the probability of conversion to direct exporters.This study confirms the significant value of indirect ex⁃port linkages for Chinese firms,especially small and medium-sized firms,in their participation in the global division of labor within the in⁃creasingly intricate domestic production networks.