先期违约规则:比较、借鉴与整合

Rules of Anticipatory Breach:Comparison,Reference and Integration

先期违约包括拒绝履行和预期不能履行两大类。拒绝履行既可以通过口头或书面方式显示,也可以通过行为方式显示。拒绝履行的用语要确定,可被合理地理解为这种违约将会实际发生。拒绝履行的义务必须是合同的重要和基本性义务。在守约方接受拒绝履行之前,债务人可以撤回拒绝履行,并表明将继续履行合同义务,从而使守约方不得解除合同。债务人的主观意图不是拒绝履行的构成要件。债务人的言行构成先期违约时,守约方享有合同解除权和违约损害赔偿请求权。守约方也可以敦促债务人撤回拒绝履行,或者置拒绝履行于不顾,等待履行期限的到来。守约方有合理理由怀疑债务人的履行能力时,有权要求债务人提供充分的担保,债务人若未提供担保则构成先期违约。

Anticipatory breach includes renunciatory breach and prospective inability to perform the contract.The renunciatory breach can be expressed orally or in writing,as well as through an act.The dictions of the renunciatory breach should be certain,so that it could be reasonably understood that such a breach would occur.The obligations refused to perform should be substantial and fundamental in the contract.The obligator could withdraw the renunciatory breach and indicate his will to perform before the non-breaching party accepts the renunciatory breach,thus preventing rescinding the contract.The obligator's subjective intention is not a constitutive requirement of the renunciatory breach.The non-breaching party is entitled to discharge the contract as well as claim for damages for breach of contract when the expression or the behavior of the obligator constitutes an anticipatory breach.Also,the non-breaching party may urge the withdrawal of the renunciatory breach or ignore it until the expiration of the time limit for performance.The non-breaching party is entitled to require the obligator to provide sufficient assurance when the obligator's ability to perform is sensibly doubtful.The failure of the obligator to provide such assurance constitutes an anticipatory breach of contract.