“获益剥夺”适用条件的解释论建构

The Construction of Interpretation Theory on the Applicable Conditions of“Disgorgement Damages”

《民法典》第1182条对《侵权责任法》第20条的修改,不仅使获益剥夺的适用不再以被侵权人受到的损失难以确定为前提,也使获益剥夺彻底成为一种与损害填补和赔偿损失相区分的侵权责任类型和责任承担方式。因不同类型的责任往往对应于不同的适用条件,且第1182条中并未对获益剥夺的适用条件予以全面和清晰的表述,故应对获益剥夺的适用条件予以重新阐释。基于侵权责任制度法理及法效果的独特性,应将人身权益受侵害、侵权人获益及因果关系确定为获益剥夺适用的三项必备条件,而被侵权人受到损失不为其适用前提。基于获益剥夺制度的剥夺及预防功能,应将侵害行为的违法性作为基础性归责事由;同时,为充分发挥预防功能,应使侵权人之过错程度与可剥夺之获益范围处于正向对应关系,以实现适用条件与责任范围的动态匹配。

The amendment of Article 1182 of the Civil Code to Article 20 of the Tort Liability Law not only makes the application of disgorgement damages no longer based on the difficulty of determining the losses suffered by the infringed party,but also makes disgorgement damages a distinct type of tort liability and a way of assuming liability completely different from the filing of damages and compensation for loss.Due to the fact that different types of liabilities often correspond to different applicable conditions,and Article 1182 does not provide a comprehensive and clear description of the applicable conditions for disgorgement damages,the applicable conditions for deprivation of benefits should be reinterpreted.Based on the unique legal principles and effects of the tort liability system,the infringement of personal rights and interests,the benefit of the infringer,and the causal relationship should be determined as three necessary conditions for the application of disgorgement damages,while the loss suffered by the infringed person is not the prerequisite for its application.Based on the deprivation and prevention functions of the system of disgorgement damages,the unlawfulness of the infringing act should be taken as the fundamental reason for attribution of liability;At the same time,in order to fully utilize the preventive function,the degree of fault of the infringer should be in a positive correspondence with the scope of benefits that can be deprived,which in order to achieve a dynamic match between the applicable conditions and the scope of liability.