数据要素市场的法律建构:模式比较与中国路径

Legal Construction of the Data Factor Market:Model Comparison and China’s Path

数据要素市场无法自然生成、自发运作,其发展有赖于法律在市场愿景与市场架构两方面的塑造。比较法研究表明:欧盟通过市场赋能型法律,形成了数据要素公义市场和自主市场;美国则凭借市场嵌入型法律,形成了数据要素有效市场和自主市场。基于有效市场和有为政府相结合的“制内市场”理论,我国应将有效市场与公义市场作为数据要素市场培育之鹄的;基于市场发展阶段、法律功能、法律组织等特质,我国应以市场赋能型法律为主、市场嵌入型法律为辅,开展数据确权并规范多层次市场体系以达致有效市场,向公众赋权并合比例地限制数据控制者权利以达致公义市场,最终建构一个统一、开放、高效、公平的数据要素市场。

The data factor market cannot be naturally generated or operated spontaneously,and its development depends on the shaping of the law in terms of market vision and market structure.Comparative studies shows that the EU has formed democratic markets and liberal markets for data through“market-enabling laws”,while the United States has formed efficient markets and liberal markets for data by virtue of“market-embedded laws”.Based on the“market in state”theory that combines an effective market with a promising government,our country should take“effective markets and democratic markets”as the goal of cultivating the data factor markets;based on the characteristics of market development stage,legal function,legal organization and other characteristics,market-enabling laws should be given priority and market-embedded laws should be supplemented to carry out data rights and standardize the multi-level market system to achieve efficient markets,which empower the public and restrict the rights of data controllers in proportion to achieve democratic markets,and ultimately build a unified,open,efficient,and fair data factor market.