“民告官”理念与制度的形成史考证及反思

Textual Research and Reflection on the Formation History of the Concept and System of“People Suing the Government”

在中国行政诉讼理论和制度发展史上,20世纪80年代末逐渐形成了“民告官”的法律隐喻,并进而构成一个法律命题,对行政诉讼基础理论和制度建构造成了锁定效果,其负面效应阻碍了行政诉讼制度功能的拓展。有必要从知识生成上剖析原被告角色和结构关系固化的由来及未来发展,揭示“民告官”法律隐喻和法律命题对当事人关系恒定化的塑造过程。“民告官”并不构成世界各国行政诉讼法的一个根本问题,也不是一条具有普适性的法律结论。与特定法文化和行政诉讼目的相关,“民告官”只是中国的一个阶段性的行政法政策问题。回溯行政诉讼的本质,行政行为合法性审查与解决行政争议是行政诉讼制度功能的两个面相,促使我们重新认识“民告官”隐喻与命题的利弊。

In the development history of China's administrative litigation theory and system,the legal metaphor of“people suing the government”gradually formed in the late 1980s,and then constituted a legal proposition,which caused a locking effect on the basic theory and system construction of administrative litigation,and its negative effect hindered the expansion of the function of administrative litigation system.It is necessary to analyze the origin and future development of the solidification of the role and structural relationship of the original defendant from the perspective of knowledge generation,and reveal the process of shaping the constancy of the relationship between the parties by the legal metaphor and legal proposition of“people suing the government”.“People suing the government”does not constitute a fundamental problem in the administrative law of all countries in the world,nor is it a universal legal conclusion.Related to specific legal cultures and administrative litigation purposes,“people suing the government”is only a phased administrative law policy issue in China.Returning to the essence of administrative litigation,the review of the legality of administrative acts and the resolution of administrative disputes are the two aspects of the functions of the administrative litigation system,which prompts us to re-understand the advantages and disadvantages of the metaphor and proposition of“people suing the government”.