基于山地蜂蜜花粉组成的中华蜜蜂传粉多样性研究

Diversity of plants foraged by Apis cerana based on pollen composition in honey samples in several mountainous areas

中华蜜蜂为多种植物传粉,具有重要的生态服务价值。为进一步了解中华蜜蜂选择蜜粉源植物的多样性与特征,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、DNA条形码、高通量测序等技术,研究了源自陕西宝鸡、贵州望谟和广西凤山蜂巢蜜中的花粉来源。通过对样品花粉rbcL基因片段扩增及测序、分析,发现各样本间可操作分类单元(OTU)水平上蜜粉源植物Alpha多样性指数无显著差异,同一地点样品不同重复间存在较高的相关性,而不同地区样本相关性较低。三地共鉴定出27目46科71属82种蜜粉源植物,其中宝鸡市、望谟县、凤山县样本中分别鉴定出57种、30种和40种,各地蜜粉源植物的物种组成存在较大差异。这些蜜粉源植物中,菊目植物种类最多,其次为毛茛目,分别有12种和7种。其中草本植物和木本植物(含乔木、灌木和木质藤本等)分别有44种和38种。研究对蜜粉源植物花序特点进行了分析,但并未发现相关性状对中华蜜蜂选择具有的影响。从属的区系成分分析,总体上温带分布区类型的植物属多于热带分布区类型的属,所占比例分别为46.5%和36.6%,但在凤山县样本中出现热带分布区类型多于温带分布区类型的情况。在不同样品中,红足蒿(Artemisia rubripes)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)、芜青(Brassica rapa)、粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis)、枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)等分别占有一定优势,其与中华蜜蜂的关系值得进一步研究。根据蜜粉源植物的系统进化关系,中华蜜蜂访问的蜜粉源植物处于不同进化地位的分支,其中在菊类分支和蔷薇类分支比较集中。研究揭示了中华蜜蜂传粉植物组成特点,为进一步认知中华蜜蜂传粉服务功能的重要性提供依据。

The honeybee Apis cerana,which can pollinate different plants,has an important ecological service value.To further understand the diversity and characteristics of Apis cerana selecting nectar and pollen plants,pollen composition of honey samples from Baoji(in Shaanxi Province),Wangmo(in Guizhou Province),and Fengshan(in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region)were studied using PCR,DNA barcoding,and high-throughput sequencing technologies to assess the diversity of plants foraged by Apis cerana.Based on analysis of the obtained sequences of rbcL gene fragments,it was found that there was no significant difference in Alpha diversity index of nectar and pollen plants at the OTU level among all samples and that there was a high correlation among different replicates of samples from the same site,but a low correlation among samples from different regions.A total of 82 species of nectar and pollen plants belonging to 71 genera,46 families,and 27 orders were identified,among which 57 species were identified from BJ samples,30 species were identified from WM samples,and 40 species were identified from FS samples,with great differences in the species composition of the nectar and pollen plants in different regions.According to the plants identified from the selected samples,the order Asterales has the most abundant species,followed by Ranunculales,with 12 species and 7 species respectively.Among them,there are 44 species of herbs and 38 species of woody plants(including trees,shrubs and woody vines,etc.).The characteristics of inflorescence of the nectar and pollen plants were analyzed,but no obvious preference for inflorescence selection was found in this study.In terms of the floral composition of the different genera,there are generally more plants belonging to temperate distribution types than tropical distribution types,with 46.5%and 36.6%,respectively,while in the FS samples,there are more tropical distribution types than temperate distribution types.The dominant species in different samples,including Artemisia rubipes,Helianthus annuus,Brassica rapa,Mallotus phillipensis,and Eriobotrya japonica,etc.deserve further study to understand their relationship to Apis cerana.According to the phylogenetic relationships of nectar and pollen plants,the plants visited by Apis cerana lie in different evolutionary clades,with the main concentration in the Rosids and Asterids clades.This study reveals the composition characteristics of Apis cerana selecting nectar and pollen plants which will provide a basis to understand the importance of pollination service function of Apis cerana.