女性就业视角下OECD国家生育支持政策效果研究——基于模糊集定性比较分析

Study on the Effect of OECD National Fertility Support Policy from the Perspective of Female Employment——Based on FsQCA

党的二十大报告聚焦降低生育、养育、教育成本,提出“优化人口发展战略,建立生育支持政策体系”的积极人口发展战略,这是我国实现人口长期均衡发展的一项重要举措,指明了未来生育支持政策的方向和建设目标。生育与就业是女性生命历程的重要事件。中国生育政策从控制生育向鼓励生育转变,目前仍处于“超低生育水平”;与此同时,中国女性劳动参与率在2017年后基本保持在62%左右,女性在生育与就业的权衡中尝试寻求工作和家庭的平衡。生育政策调整亟须建立多元、适度、包容的相关配套支持体系。本文采用模糊集定性比较分析方法(fsQCA),在促进女性就业视角下比较38个OECD成员国生育支持政策组态,分析不同就业情境下各国生育支持政策效果;选取女性就业行为选择、反性别歧视文化和劳动力市场监督检查力度作为OECD国家女性就业情景;在生育支持政策方面,选取生育时间支持、生育经济支持及生育服务支持进行必要性分析和组态分析。研究发现:单个就业情景和生育支持政策不构成积极政策效果的必要条件,进而得到5种可以促进生育水平的政策组态及4个影响生育水平的政策类型,说明在不同女性就业情景和生育政策下发挥政策效果具有多重实现方式。中国生育支持政策应兼具促进生育和支持女性就业的双重功能,从而加快构建“生育友好型”社会,促进女性高质量就业。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China focuses on reducing the costs of childbirth,child-rearing,and education,proposing an active population development strategy of“optimizing the population development strategy and establishing a supporting policy system for child⁃birth”.This marks an important measure for China to achieve long-term and balanced population develop⁃ment,pointing the direction and clarifying the goals of future childbirth supporting policies.Fertility and employment are major life events throughout women’s life journey.The Chinese fertility policies remain at“ultra-low fertility levels”during the transition from birth control to fertility encouragement.Meanwhile,the female employment participation rate in China has basically remained at approximately 62%since 2017.Women strive to find a balance between work and family in the game of fertility and employment trade-offs.It is urgent to establish a diversified,moderate and inclusive related system for supporting fertil⁃ity policy adjustment.This paper adopts the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method to compare 38 OECD member countries’fertility support policy groups from the perspective of promoting female employment,and analyze the effects of fertility support policies in different employment contexts.By analyzing female employment behavior choice,anti-sexism culture,and labor market supervision and inspection strength as female employment scenarios in OECD countries,and maternity support policy system,maternity time support,maternity economic support,and maternity service support are selected for necessity analysis and group analysis.It is found that individual employment scenarios and fertility support policies do not represent necessary conditions for active policy effects.As a result,five types of policy configurations that can promote fertility levels are identified,which indicates that there are multiple ways to achieve policy effects under different female employment scenarios and fertility policies.In order to accelerate the construction of a“fertility-friendly”social environment and promote high-quality female employment,Chinese fertility support policies should integrate the dual functions of promoting fertility and supporting female employment.