一向一揆对日本近世化进程的影响——以织田政权的流通政策与土地政策为中心

The Influence of Ikko-ikki on the Modernization of Japan— Focusing on the Circulation Policy and Land Policy of the Oda Regime

自十三世纪开始,日本的宗教派别一向宗势力逐渐增长,教徒联合农民进行武装斗争(一揆)赶走领主,形成政治性的“大阪参照体制”,凭借特权发展为全国首屈一指的宗教势力,寺内町成为兼具宗教与经济、农村与城市机能的军事要塞。在与一向宗的长期斗争中,织田信长通过开设加纳乐市,颁布乐市令和“越前国掟”,与“一揆众”对抗,在取得胜利后推动指出检地。织田政权逐渐摆脱私权力的性质,以公权力的姿态建立起统一政权,创建出具有近世性质的土地政策与流通政策,在乱世中践行兵农分离,鼓励自由贸易,奠定了日本近世幕藩体制的基础。

Starting from the 13th century,the religious factions Ikko-ikki in Japan gradually grew in power.The believers,in alliance with the peasants,waged armed struggles(Ikki)to drive away the lords,forming the political“Osaka Reference System”and developed into the top religious force in the country via its privileges.The Jinaicho became military fortresses combining functions of religion and economy,as well as rural and urban areas.In the long-term conflict with the Ikko-ikki,Oda Nobunaga countered the“Ikki followers”by establishing Kana market,issuing the market order and“Echizen Law”.After achieving victory,he promoted“Sashidashi Kenchi”(equivalent to the modern land register).The Oda regime gradually shed its private power nature,establishing a unified government with public power and creating land policies and circulation policies which were similar to those in the early modern period.The practice of the separation of soldiers and farmers in troubled times and promotion free trade laid the foundation for the early modern Bakuhan system in Japan.