从救助到扶养:违反一般救助义务构成遗弃罪的路径论证

From Rescue to Maintenance:How Breaches of the General Duty of Rescue Constitute the Offence of Abandonment

在我国暂未设立特定罪名来专门规制“见危不救”的立法现状下,“一般社会角色不履行一般救助义务的行为在我国可能构成何种罪名”成为亟待解决的重要课题。由于一般救助义务仅能存在于纯正不作为犯中,因此一般社会角色违反一般救助义务的行为在我国现行《刑法》分则的罪名框架下至多构成遗弃罪,而不可能构成故意杀人罪等重罪的不纯正不作为犯。如若欲将一般社会角色不履行一般救助义务的行为评价为遗弃罪,则应在法律解释的层面上论证一般救助义务位于遗弃罪的扶养义务的语义空间之内,抑或是在法律续造的层面上论证我国《刑法》在此问题上存在需要填补的法律漏洞,以及通过当然推论的方法来填补该漏洞的合法性与妥当性。

Under the legislative status quo that no specific crime has been established in China to regulate the“failure to rescue”,what crime is constituted if a general social role does not fulfill the general duty to rescue in our country needs to be answered urgently.Since the general duty of rescue only exists in pure omissions,the violation of the duty constitutes,at most,the crime of abandonment according to existing sub-principles of the Criminal Law of China,instead of an impure omission for felonies such as intentional homicide.To take a general social role’s failure to fulfill this duty as the crime of abandonment,we should argue from the perspective of the legal interpretation that the duty is located within the semantic space of the duty of support,or of legal continuation that there is a loophole in the Criminal Law of China on this issue,and it is legal and appropriate to fill the loophole by means of the ipso facto inference method.