我国绿色高效化肥产品创新与产业发展

Innovation and industrial development of green efficiency fertilizers in China

绿色高效化肥因其供肥性好、利用率高、有利于协调作物高产施肥环境矛盾的特点,受到国内外的高度关注。我国绿色高效化肥研发始于20世纪70、80年代。经过40多年的大力研发,绿色高效化肥已经实现产业化,年产2000万t,应用面积达3300多万hm^(2)(约5亿亩),作物增产100多亿kg,节肥200多万t。我国绿色高效化肥依据增产增效机理,主要有4大类:1)以包膜技术优化养分释放和供应的包膜缓释肥料;2)利用脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂调控氮肥在土壤中转化过程的稳定性肥料;3)尿素与醛类物质反应形成缩合物质,减缓尿素溶解过程的脲醛肥料;4)将微量高效生物活性增效载体与化学肥料科学配伍,通过综合调控“肥料-作物-土壤”系统改善肥效的增值肥料。今后我国绿色高效肥料的发展趋势:1)“等量增产”/“减量增产”或“减量不减产”;2)增效途径向综合调控“肥料-作物-土壤”系统转变,尤其重视调动作物根系的吸收功能;3)赋予肥料产品改善农产品品质、增强作物抗逆能力、保护和改良土壤等多元化功能;4)研发和使用具有生物活性,且安全、环保、可降解的天然/植物源材料;5)通过学科交叉融合,多策略、多机制、多途径提高肥料应用效果;6)研发高效肥料与常规肥料装置一体化生产技术,实现大产能、低成本,避免二次加工;7)在满足养分高效利用的同时,还应满足集约化农业减少机械作业、轻减施肥的要求。

Green efficiency fertilizers are characterized of controlled nutrient supply,higher nutrient-use efficiency,and low risk of environmental pollution,represent one of the development trends in global fertilizer industry.The research and development of green efficiency fertilizer in China started in 1970s and 1980s,after more than 40 years of rapid development,the green efficiency fertilizer has realized industrialized production.The annual output of green efficiency fertilizers have reached 20 million tons,and applied in more than 500 million mu(33 million hectare)of farmland,increasing crop yield by10 billion kilograms and saving fertilizer input by 2 million tons.The green efficiency fertilizers in China can be calssified into four categories,according to their yield and nutrient efficiency promotion paths:the slow-release fertilizer by controlling nutrient release through coating technology;the stabilized fertilizer by addition of urease inhibitors and/or nitrification inhibitors to regulate urea/N transformation;the urea formaldehyde fertilizer by addition/condensation reaction to form UF slow-release fertilizers to slow down the hydrolysis of urea in soil;and the value-added fertilizer in which bioactive organic synergists were added to coordinate the nutrient supply and absorption in the“fertilizer-crop-soil”system comprehensively.The green efficient fertilizer research and production in the near future should focus on the following aspects:1)Increase yield with equal or less nutrient input,or maintain yield with less nutrient input.2)Integrated yield increase function through harmonious“fertilizer-crop-soil”system,at the core of stimulating the root absorption ability.3)Fertilizers with multiple beneficial functions in crop quality,resistance to stress,conservation and remediation of soil.4)Research and usage of degradable natural/plant-sourced materials with characteristics of bioactivity,safe to human and environment.5)Increasing fertilizer efficiencies through the cross amalgamation of multiple disciplines,in multiple ways and mechanisms.6)Trying to realize the simultaneous production of green efficiency fertilizers with common fertilizers device,to achieve high production capacity in low cost,avoiding the second procession.7)Meeting the requirement of nutrient supply and simplified fertilization and mechanic operation at the same time.