Evaluation of the Arctic Sea-Ice Simulation on SODA3 Datasets

This study evaluates the Arctic sea-ice simulation of the SODA3 dataset driven by different atmospheric forcing fields and explores the errors of the Arctic sea-ice simulation caused by the forcing field.We find that the SODA3 data driven by different forcing fields represent a significant systematical error in the simulation of Arctic sea-ice concentration,showing a low concentration of thick ice and a high concentration of thin ice.In terms of sea-ice extent,the SODA3 data from different versions well characterize the interannual variability and declining trend in the observed data,but they overestimate the overall Arctic sea-ice extent,which is related to excessive simulation of ice in the sea-ice margin.Compared to observations,all the chosen SODA3 reanalysis versions driven by different atmospheric forcing generally tend to underestimate the Arctic sea-ice thickness,especially for thick ice in the multi-year sea-ice regions.Inaccurate simulations of Arctic sea-ice transport may partly explain the error in SODA3 sea-ice thickness in multi-year sea-ice areas.The results of different SDOA3 versions differ greatly in the Beaufort Sea,the Fram Strait,and the Central Arctic Sea.The difference in sea-ice thickness among different SODA3 versions is primarily due to the thermodynamic contribution,which may come from the diversity of atmospheric forcing fields.Our work provides a reference for using SODA3 data to study Arctic sea ice.