论疑问标记的语序类型与句法位置

On the Word Order Types and Syntactic Positions of Question Markers

语序研究是语言类型学的一项重要内容。聚焦疑问标记的语序,运用语言类型学的理论及跨语言对比法探讨疑问标记以整句作为参照时所处的相对句法位置,进而揭示汉语普通话及部分汉语方言在疑问标记语序上所呈现的类型学特点。通过跨语言对比发现:有些语言当中没有疑问标记,也不存在疑问标记的语序问题,如英语、斯瓦希里语等;有些语言当中存在一个或一个以上的疑问标记,如日语、阿美语、乌尔都语等;疑问标记的句法位置可以分为句尾型、句中型和句首型三类;从世界语言的变异范围来考察,汉语的疑问标记包括两种语序类型,一为普通话的句尾型,二为苏州话、昭通话等的句中型,暂时没有发现句首型的实例。句中型语序类型的发掘,是语言类型学在汉语研究当中的具体运用,进一步深化和拓展了汉语方言语法的研究。

The study of word order is an important part of language typology.Focusing on the word order of interrogative markers,this paper discusses the relative syntactic position of interrogative markers with the whole sentence as a reference by using the theory of linguistic typology and cross-language contrast,and then reveals the typological characteristics of the word order of interrogative markers in Chinese Putonghua and some Chinese dialects.Cross-language comparison shows that there is no question mark in some languages,and there is no word order problem of question mark,such as English and Swahili;There are one or more interrogative markers in some languages,such as Japanese,Aramaic,Urdu,etc;the syntactic positions of question markers can be divided into three types:sentence end type,sentence middle type and sentence beginning type;from the perspective of the variation range of the world language,the interrogative markers in Chinese include two types of word order,one is the sentence end type of Mandarin,and the other is the sentence middle type of Suzhou dialect and Zhaotong dialect.There are no examples of the sentence beginning type for the time being.The excavation of sentence order type is the specific application of language typology in Chinese study,which further deepens and expands the study of Chinese dialect grammar.