亚热带季风区水稻梯田景观格局及其自然影响因素分异

Landscape pattern of rice terraces and its natural influencing factors in subtropical monsoon region

【目的】中国亚热带季风区水稻梯田是南方山区精耕细作农业的代表,具有多种生态系统服务功能,量化其景观格局并识别主要自然因素的影响是实施合理保护并实现区域持续发展的关键。【方法】以地处亚热带季风山区的贵州加榜、广西龙脊、湖南紫鹊界、福建联合和云南哈尼梯田为研究对象,基于ArcGIS空间分析技术,在其景观水平和垂直格局分析基础上,讨论地形、土壤和岩性等自然因素对梯田景观格局的影响。【结果】各梯田景观中主要包括林地、梯田、建筑用地、水域和未利用地,其中梯田分布面积哈尼>紫鹊界>加榜>龙脊>联合,且都集中分布在中部地区;各梯田景观在垂直梯度上呈明显的层级分布,其中梯田结构占比最大,林地次之,村寨最小;加榜、龙脊、紫鹊界和联合梯田都集中分布在海拔1200 m以下(>80%)、坡度在5~24°(>70%)光热条件较好的东、东南和南坡方向(>60%),而哈尼梯田主要分布在海拔1900 m以下(>90%)、地势较为平缓的东北、东、东南、西、西北方向(>60%);哈尼和紫鹊界梯田分别以蓄水性较好的片麻岩(59.04%)和花岗岩(89.65%)为主,联合梯田以保水性能中等的流纹岩(40.27%)为主,加榜梯田和龙脊梯田都是以透水性较强的砂岩(79.84%和51.74%)为主;红壤、黄壤和水稻土是哈尼、加榜、龙脊、紫鹊界和联合梯田景观的主要土壤类型,在各梯田景观中分别发育78.2%、97.8%、71.63%、87.66%和99.9%的梯田。【结论】为进一步探讨亚热带季风水稻梯田空间分布的主要因素,以及为今后梯田的开发利用与保护提供重要参考。

【Objective】Rice terraces in the subtropical monsoon region of China are representatives of intensive farming in southern mountainous areas,with various ecosystem service functions.Quantifying their landscape pattern and identifying the impact of major natural factors are key to implementing reasonable protection and achieving sustainable regional development.【Method】Based on ArcGIS spatial analysis technology,the rice terraces in Jiabang,Guizhou,Longji,Hunan,Lianhe and Hani,Yunnan,which were located in the subtropical monsoon mountain area,were taken as the research objects to discuss the impact of natural factors such as topography,soil and lithology on the landscape pattern of rice terraces on the basis of their landscape horizontal and vertical pattern analyses.【Result】The landscape of various terraced fields mainly included forest land,terraced fields,construction land,water body and unused land,among which the distribution area of terraced fields was Hani>Ziquejie>Jiabang>Longji>Lianhe,and all were concentrated in the central region;The landscape of each terraced field showed a clear hierarchical distribution on the vertical gradient,with the terraced field structure accounting for the largest proportion,followed by forest land,and the village being the smallest;Jiabang,Longji,Ziquejie and Lianhe terraces were mainly distributed in the east,southeast,and south slope directions(>60%)with good light and heat conditions at elevations below 1200 meters(>80%)and slopes from 5 to 24°(>70%),while Hani terraces were mainly distributed in the northeast,east,southeast,west and northwest directions(>60%)with relatively flat terrain at elevations below 1900 meters(>90%);Hani and Ziquejie terraces were mainly composed of gneiss(59.04%)and granite(89.65%)with good water storage capacity,respectively.The combined terraces were mainly composed of rhyolite(40.27%)with medium water retention capacity,while Jiabang and Longji rice terraces were mainly composed of sandstone(79.84%and 51.74%)with strong water permeability;Red soil,yellow soil and paddy soil were the main soil types of Hani,Jiabang,Longji,Ziquejie and Lianhe terraced landscape,and 78.2%,97.8%,71.63%,87.66%and 99.9%terraced fields were developed in each terraced landscape.【Conclusion】The study aimed to further explore the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of subtropical monsoon rice terraces and provide important references for the future development,utilization and protection of terraces.