多聚磷酸盐在微生物抗环境胁迫中的作用及机制

Role and Mechanism of Polyphosphate in the Microbial Response to Environmental Stresses

抗环境胁迫是微生物提高环境适应性和增加生存机会的一个重要策略,探明微生物抗环境胁迫的过程及分子机制对于了解微生物进化和开发微生物资源具有重要意义。多聚磷酸盐(polyphosphate,polyP)在微生物抗环境胁迫中发挥重要作用。在营养限制条件下,polyP可充当微生物的能源来源和信号分子,增强微生物对低营养环境的适应能力。在微生物应对环境胁迫过程中,polyP可作为蛋白质的伴侣,通过蛋白质修饰改变蛋白质结构使其免受失活,从而维持其功能完整性。polyP具有金属螯合能力,可提高微生物对重金属胁迫的抵抗能力。微生物能通过调节polyP的合成来适应环境pH的改变,调节酸碱胁迫过程中的能量消耗。基于polyP抗环境胁迫的特性,通过转基因技术,把polyP合成相关基因转入到农作物中,可以增加农作物体内polyP含量,从而提高农作物抗环境胁迫的能力。利用含有polyP的微生物处理重金属废水,可极大地提高重金属离子的去除效率。同时,微生物中合成的polyP颗粒也能进一步开发为生物活性产品。因此,polyP在微生物抗胁迫中发挥多样化作用,通过各种分子途径提高微生物对环境胁迫的耐受性。加强polyP在微生物抗环境胁迫中的作用与机制研究,不仅丰富微生物抗环境胁迫的研究内容,而且为多聚磷酸盐类生物活性物质的工程应用提供技术支撑。

The ability of microorganisms resisting to environmental stresses is an essential strategy for enhancing their adaptability and survival in adversity.In order to understand microbial development and use microbial resources,it is necessary to probe the processes and molecular mechanisms underpinning microbial stresses response.Polyphosphate(polyP)plays an important role in the resistance of microorganisms to environmental stresses.polyP acts as a signalling molecule and energy source to increase the adaptation of microorganisms to low nutrient environment if nutrients are in deficiency.To respond to environmental stresses,microorganisms can utilize polyP as a chaperone of protein to decrease the alteration of protein structure by modifying it to maintain its function.Additionally,polyP is metal chelator to increase the resistance of microorganisms to heavy metal stress.Furthermore,microorganisms can balance sharp changes in environmental pH by controlling polyP synthesis while they can regulate energy consumption during acid and alkali stresses.Based on the properties of polyP,transduced genes related to polyP synthesis can increase its content in crops,and thus their resistances to environmental stresses are improved.Microorganisms with polyP synthesis can be used to treat heavy metal-containing wastewater,the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions increases significantly.Additionally,polyP particles synthesized by microbe can be further used as bioactive products.Thus,polyP plays a diverse role in the stress resistance of microorganisms to enhance their tolerance to environmental stress through various molecular pathways.Further understanding the role and mechanism of polyP in microbial resistances to environmental stresses is not only enriching the research on microbial resistance to environmental stress,and also providing technical support for the engineering application of polyphosphate bioactive substances.