以集为正:论宋人对苏轼作品文本歧异的认知与处理

Printed Works as the Definite Edition:On Song Scholars'Cognition and Handling of the Textual Differences in Su Shi's Works

在宋代物质载体、风气好尚与欣赏观念转变的大背景下,文学文本歧异问题越来越受到关注。苏轼作品的文本形态丰富,歧异繁多,尤其受到学人的重视。对其间墨迹、石刻与印本的歧异而言,宋人原较倾向于将“真迹”与“印本”对立,认为真迹反映的是作品的正确面貌,而印本呈现的则是被后人妄改或者充斥着讹误的文本。但随着校勘实践的深入,南宋学者将“改定”与“编集”这两个环节纳入考量。他们逐渐意识到,文本歧异在很大程度上是由作者本人编集时改定造成的,相对而言印本才更能展现苏轼创作的最终意图。因此,以周必大为代表的南宋学者提出了“以集为正”的文献观念,强调以全集型印本作为定本,而不轻据墨迹、石刻更动印本。上述认识对今天处理苏轼作品乃至整个文学文本的歧异问题仍有积极意义。

In the Song Dynasty,printed books began to spread rapidly,and the spread of handwritten copies(墨迹)and stone carving inscriptions(石刻)was more extensive.Under the background of the changes of material carriers,general moods,common practices,and views of appreciation,the issue of textual differences in literary texts received more and more attention.Su Shi's(苏)works drew a great amount of attention,especially from scholars,because his works were rich in textual forms,and varied in textual differences.In terms of the differences among the handwritten copies,stone carving inscriptions and printed copies(印本)of Su Shi's works,the Song scholars originally tended to counterpose the handwritten copies against the printed copies,mistakenly thinking that only the handwritten copies reflected the true features of his works while the printed copies presented the texts which were either changed by later scholars at random,or flled with errors.With the deepening of the collation practice,the Southern Song scholars took into consideration such two links as"revising"(改定)and"editing"(编集).They gradually realized that the textual differences were to great extent caused by the author's own revision when he edited his works.In contrast with the handwriten copies and the stone carving inscriptions of Su Shi's works,the printed copies could all the more display the author's final intention in his writings.Therefore,those Southern Song scholars represented by Zhou Bida(周必大)put forward the documentary idea of"printed works as the definite edition"(以集为正),stressing that the printed copies of Su Shi's complete works should be taken as the definite edition(定本),and the printed copies could not be changed by blindly following the handwritten copies or the stone carving inscriptions.The above understanding is still of very positive significance for us today to deal with the issues of textual differences in Su Shi's works and even in all the literary texts.