中国冲击地压灾害防治体系的现状及发展

Review of the development status of rock burst disaster prevention system in China

深地资源开发是我国未来科技发展的重要方向。随着煤矿开采深度的增加,冲击地压灾害频发,严重威胁矿井的安全、高效开采。因此,对冲击地压发生机理、监测预警及卸压减冲技术的研究尤为重要。本文首先以时间为顺序综述了煤矿冲击地压的发生机理,明确了理论之间的联系。基于此,从试验角度对冲击地压机理进行总结,细化了冲击地压发生机理及类型,提出煤岩体材料效应和结构效应是冲击地压发生的关键影响因素。随后,针对几种类型的发生机理,利用综合微震、应力监测、电磁辐射和地音监测等手段和方法,比较分析了现有冲击地压监测预警系统存在的局限性。基于此,提出了将前兆信息在时间和空间上进行融合,并以特征向量作为权重,建立冲击地压前兆识别大数据分析及综合监测预警系统。最后,针对我国在冲击地压防治工作中面临的监测精度不足、复杂环境难以控制、卸压减冲方案优化不足、支护方法不理想等问题,提出了未来防治冲击地压的建议,为防治冲击地压发生提供参考。

Deep-land resource exploitation is a crucial focus of future scientific and technological development in China.However,with the increasing depth of coal mining,rock burst disasters occur frequently,posing significant threats to the safe and efficient mining of coal mines.Therefore,it is of paramount importance to investigate mechanisms of rock burst,develop effective monitoring and warning systems,and explore techniques for pressure relief and shock reduction.This paper begins by summarizing the occurrence mechanisms of rock bursts in coal mines in chronological order and clarifying the interrelationships between these theories.Additionally,the paper presents a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms of rock bursts from a testing perspective,refining the understanding of their generation mechanisms and types.It emphasizes that the material effect and structure effect of coal and rock mass are key influencing factors in rock burst occurrences.Furthermore,the paper compares and analyzes the limitations of existing monitoring and warning by systems for rock bursts by various methods,such as microseismic monitoring,stress monitoring,electromagnetic radiation monitoring,and ground sound monitoring.Based on these findings,a proposed solution is presented:a big data analysis and comprehensive monitoring and early warning system that integrates temporally and spatially relevant precursor information using eigenvectors as weights.Lastly,the paper addresses the challenges faced in China in preventing and controlling rock bursts,including insufficient monitoring accuracy,difficulties in managing complex environments,inadequate optimization of relief and shock reduction schemes,and unsatisfactory support methods.Several suggestions are offered for future rock burst prevention and control efforts.The results of this study can provide valuable references for preventing rock bursts.