论安保义务人追偿权的理论基础及行使范围

On the Theoretical Basis and the Scope of the Recourse Right for Safety-guard Duty Obligors

《民法典》第1198条规定了安保义务人在第三人侵权时未尽到安保义务的补充责任及其追偿权。安保义务人追偿权的理论基础在于安保义务人承担补充责任后就超出自己责任的部分对直接侵权人享有的不当得利请求权。基于当事人间的利益衡量、《民法典》规范体系和比较立法例,安保义务人追偿权的行使范围应采用全部补充+部分追偿模式,即安保义务人在第三人下落不明或者无资力赔偿时,在承担全部的补充赔偿责任之后,有权就超出其内部责任份额的部分向第三人追偿,而且安保义务人就清偿所支出的合理费用以及因清偿产生的损害赔偿亦对第三人享有追偿权。

Article 1198 of the Civil Code stipulates the supplementary liability and the right of recourse of the safety-guard duty obligor who fails to fulfill his safety-guard duty at the time of the third party’s direct tort.The theoretical basis of the recourse right is the unjust enrichment claim of the supplementary liability bearer to the direct tortfeasor(s)for the part beyond his own liability.Based on the balance of the interests of the parties,the legislative system and the comparative law,the scope of the recourse right should adopt the mode of full supplement plus partial recovery,that is,when the direct tortfeasor is missing or unable to pay damages,the safety-guard duty obligor has the right to recover from the direct tortfeasor for the part exceeding his share of liability after assuming all the supplementary liability.Moreover,he has the right of recovery against the third-party for the reasonable expenses and the damages arising from the settlement of the supplementary liability.