古希腊的铸币功能与社会整合的三种方式

The Coin Function of Ancient Greece and Three Ways of Social Integration

波兰尼将社会整合的不同方式分为基于礼物的互惠、中央权威的再分配和市场的商业贸易三种,为分析古希腊铸币的作用和功能提供了合理的思路框架。贵金属一直是重要的礼物,用作献祭、礼赠和贡品等。铸币作为贵金属的延伸,它在献祭和礼赠中同样发挥礼物的功能,用于社会等级秩序的构建和社会交往的仪式。随着古希腊城邦的崛起,铸币开始用作中央权威再分配的主要工具,在更大范围内实现资源配置和社会整合。铸币用于中央权威再分配的附带结果是交换网络扩展到商业和贸易流通领域,这培养了民众用小额铸币支付的习惯,铸币功能也完成了从专用货币向通用货币的转变。

Polanyi divided three different ways of social integration into gift-based reciprocity,redistribution of central authority and commercial trade in the market,which provides a more appropriate framework for analyzing the role and function of ancient Greek coinage.Precious metals have always been important gifts for sacrifice,presents and tributes.Coins,as an extension of precious metals,played the same gift function in sacrifice and gifts,and were used for the construction of social hierarchy and social interaction rituals.With the rise of ancient Greek city-state,coinage began to be used as the main tool of the central authority redistribution mechanism to achieve a wider range of resource allocation and social integration.The incidental result of coinage for redistribution was that the expansion of exchange network began to be used for the circulation of commerce and trade.In addition to bringing small amount of coinage and currency payment habits to people,the coinage function has completed the transformation from special-purpose money to general-purpose money.