从长沙出土“君教”简牍文书看东汉三国县级长吏的徭使

A Study on Official Business of County-Level Officials in Bamboo and Wooden Slips Unearthed from Changsha

秦汉国家的中央与地方,各级机构所涉日常事务繁多,除通过文书上传下达政令外,须有大量官吏被外派活动于基层行政一线,办理外务,时称“徭使”。不少学者借助出土简牍讨论吏徭问题,但就时段而言,主要关注秦及西汉,而研究对象主要是属吏徭使,鲜少谈及长吏徭使问题。近年来长沙市中心出土汉、吴简牍中均存在形制、内容特殊的“君教”文书,一般认为展示了临湘县级僚佐集议的行政过程。本文通过梳理君教文书的相关注记,结合史籍、简牍资料,探讨了东汉至三国长沙临湘地方县级长吏从事外务而徭使的案例,发现佐官丞与尉常奔走厘务,而长官长久滞留在官署以外的情况少见。长官如不在署,往往实行他吏代理制,东汉末至三国,常见以主簿代理相关事务。

The operation of the Qin and Han dynasties was not only through document administration;in addition,a large number of officials were dispatched to handle frontline affairs,usually recorded in literature as corvée.Due to the frequent discussion of corvée by civilians rather than officials,this article discusses the official business of county-level officials during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms periods,using the record of Junjiao君教documents in Changsha bamboo and wooden slips.Through research,it has been found that compared to county magistrate令,cheng丞and wei尉were more often sent to perform official business.If the county magistrate was out,the chief clerk should carry the main administrative responsibility.