基于Bellman原理的人员密集场所疏散路径优化研究

Evacuation Route Optimization of Crowded Places with Multiple Decision Nodes Based on the Bellman Principle

具有多决策点的人员密集场所存在多条疏散路径,合理规划疏散路径可以避免长时间的局部拥堵,降低踩踏事故发生概率。人员应急疏散仿真工程软件Pathfinder的局部最快算法不能解决多步决策场所中路径利用率不均衡的问题,为此提出一种以总疏散时间最短为目标的路径优化方法,基于决策点构建可行路径模型及路径优化模型,基于Bellman原理对优化模型进行求解,得到较优路径方案。依照该方案推演疏散过程,更新较优路径直至重复多次无更优路径出现,最终确定最优路径及其疏散时间。以某学生公寓人员疏散为例论证该方案的优化效果,结果表明与Pathfinder模拟结果相比,该方法总疏散时间从330.3 s减少至292.3 s,东、西侧一楼楼梯出口的利用时间差从75 s缩减为1.5 s,通过人数差从138人降为0人。该路径优化方法可用于改进疏散模拟软件。

There are multiple evacuation paths in densely populated areas with multiple decision points.Reasonable planning of evacuation paths can avoid long-term local congestion and reduce the probability of stampede accidents.The local fastest algorithm of the personnel emer⁃gency evacuation simulation engineering software Pathfinder cannot solve the problem of uneven path utilization in multi-step decision-mak⁃ing places.Therefore,a path optimization method with the goal of minimizing the total evacuation time is proposed.A feasible path model and path optimization model are constructed based on decision points,and the optimization model is solved based on the Bellman principle to ob⁃tain the optimal path plan.According to this plan,the evacuation process is deduced,and the optimal path is updated until no better path ap⁃pears multiple times,ultimately determining the optimal path and its evacuation time.Taking the evacuation of a student apartment as an exam⁃ple to demonstrate the optimization effect of this scheme,the results show that compared with the Pathfinder simulation results,the total evacu⁃ation time of this method is reduced from 330.3 seconds to 292.3 seconds,the utilization time difference of the first floor staircase exits on the east and west sides is reduced from 75 seconds to 1.5 seconds,and the number of people passing through is reduced from 138 to 0 people.This path optimization method can be used to improve evacuation simulation software.