轨迹与转折:中国优秀运动员成长历程研究

Trajectory and Transition:Research on the Growth Process of Chinese Elite Athletes

通过实证研究验证并解释优秀运动员成长轨迹和重要转折是体育科学的一个全新话题,也是竞技科学与社会科学两个看似差之千里的学科交叉融合的亮点,对于优化竞技后备人才培养模式和提高培养效率具有理论意义。研究尝试走出强调天赋与训练因素的传统研究思路,从社会学视角研究中国优秀运动员的成长历程和转折事件。依据生命历程理论建构分析框架,通过事件史分析法描绘优秀运动员的成长轨迹,着重剖析3个问题:在成长轨迹中何时发生转折、估算发生转折的可能性、分析驱动历次转折的关键因素。研究发现,我国优秀运动员职业生涯的能力发展期平均为14.74年,竞技提高期平均为3.45年,与国际优秀运动员成长的时间规律较为一致。我国优秀运动员的成长轨迹具有强结构性、持续稳定性和相互关联性的规律特点。在分析影响职业生涯中两次重要转折的关键要素时发现,运动员在不同成长阶段培养的重点应有所不同,除了训练手段之外还应“因势利导”和“顺势而为”,并从一个新的理论框架引申出关于竞技体育后备人才培养的3点思考,提出建立优秀运动员成长数据库的重要性和必要性。

This paper tries to change the traditional research perspectives of emphasizing talent and training factors,and to study the growth trajectory and transition events of Chinese elite athletes from the perspective of sociology.According to the life course theory,this paper constructs a framework to describe the growth trajectory of elite athletes through the event history method,and focuses on explaining three problems:the occur time of transition during the growth trajectory,estimating the possibility of transition,and analyzing the key factors of previous transitions.From a new theoretical framework,this paper derives three issues on the cultivation of competitive sports reserve talents,and the importance and necessity of establishing the growth database of elite athletes is also provided.As a tentative research,it is a new topic of sports science to verify and explain the growth trajectory and important transition of elite athletes through empirical research,and it is also a bright spot of cross-integration between competitive sports science and social science.It has theoretical significance for optimizing the training of competitive reserve talents and improving the training efficiency.