德、法右翼民粹主义政党崛起的原因及其影响——基于德、法右翼民粹主义政党的比较研究

The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Germany and France:A Comparative Analysis

近年来,欧洲遭遇欧债、难民、能源等多重危机,社会矛盾日趋激化,右翼民粹主义开始了其在欧洲各国政坛中的强势回归,其影响不断扩大。在欧洲经济增长受到较大冲击、难民大量涌入的背景下,以德国选择党和法国国民联盟为代表的右翼民粹主义政党利用民众焦虑心态,渲染社会矛盾及内外危机,提出更为激进的民粹主义主张,以此在短时间内获得极高的关注度和大量选民的支持,实现了快速发展。随着德、法右翼民粹主义政党在本国政坛内影响力提升,其着力扩充所涉议题领域,在移民、难民这一右翼民粹主义政党的传统议题领域之外,就安全及防卫政策、对外关系、能源政策等议题不断提出并丰富有关主张,在对国内执政党形成牵制的同时,也加速了本国政治生态极端化和政党碎片化。德、法两国右翼民粹主义政党具有明显的疑欧主义倾向,其通过各种途径扩大自身影响力,以阻碍欧洲一体化进程,甚至对本国的对外关系施加影响。在乌克兰危机、能源危机、通货膨胀等多重危机相互叠加的背景下,右翼民粹主义政党在德、法两国的发展又呈现了新的动向。

In recent years,Europe has faced mounting insecurities including the debt crisis,refugee crisis,and intensifying social conflicts.Right-wing populism has staged a strong resurgence,gaining influence across European politics.Amid economic decline and mass refugee influx,German and French right-wing populist parties like Alternative for Germany and National Rally capitalized on anxieties,inflamed tensions,and offered radical populist propositions.This rapidly expanded their support and prominence.As their domestic influence grew,these parties expanded their policy focus beyond traditional antiimmigration stances to security,defense,foreign relations,and energy.This constrained governing parties while accelerating political extremism and fragmentation.The German and French right-wing parties exhibit Eurosceptic tendencies,using various means to hinder integration.As the post-pandemic era brings continued conflict in Ukraine and overlapping crises like energy and inflation,right-wing populism in Germany and France shows new trends.