农田土壤中微塑料污染状况与生态环境效应研究进展

Advance in research on microplastic pollution status in farmland soil and its ecological environment effect

微塑料是一种性质稳定、分布范围广、易扩散迁移的新型污染物,近年来受到国内外学者广泛关注。本文对农田土壤中微塑料污染现状、检测方法和生态环境效应进行梳理和总结,明确了当前农田土壤中微塑料的来源及其不同检测方法的局限性和优势,并提出目前研究存在的不足和如何管控农田土壤微塑料污染的建议。文章重点分析了农田土壤微塑料的来源主要包括地膜的使用、灌溉活动、污泥及肥料的施入和大气沉降等途径,而且受耕作方式和气候条件的影响,西南和华中地区地膜源微塑料含量要高于西北地区;其次,土壤中微塑料的分离、纯化、鉴定方法种类繁多,具有各自的局限和优势,其中显微-光谱联用法可获得微塑料浓度、种类、形貌等信息,应用最为广泛;当前研究热点主要集中在微塑料的生物毒性、对土壤结构和功能的影响,以及微塑料迁移转化过程的研究。本文系统综述了农田土壤微塑料的研究现状和存在的问题并提出了展望,为建立土壤微塑料污染监管和潜在生态风险的防范提供理论依据和科学指导。

Microplastics are a kind of new pollutants featured by their stability,wide distribution range and easy diffusion and migration.In recent years,it has received wide attentions from scholars at home and abroad.In this paper,the current status,detection methods and ecological effects of microplastic pollution in agricultural soils were reviewed and summarized,followed by clarifying the sources of microplastics in the soils and the limitations and advantages of different detection methods.This paper analyzed the shortcom-ings of current research and presented suggestions on how to control microplastic pollution in agricultural soils.This paper focused on the analysis of the sources of microplastics in agricultural soils,which mainly in-cluded the use of mulch,irrigation activities,sludge and fertilizer application and atmospheric deposition.The content of microplastics from mulch film sources was higher in southwest and central China than in northwest China due to the influence of farming patterns and climatic conditions.Secondly,there were many different methods for the separation,purification and identification of microplastics in soil,and each of them had its own limitations and advantages.Among them,the method of microscopic-spectroscopic could obtain the information on microplastic concentration,category and morphology,and thus were widely used.The current research focused on the biotoxicity of microplastics,the effects on soil structure and function,and on their migration and transformation processes.The paper systematically reviewed the current research status and problems of microplastics in agricultural soils and presented the outlook,providing theoretical basis and scientific guidance for soil microplastic pollution monitoring and the prevention of potential ecological risks.