论过失不作为犯的义务违反

On the Obligation Violation of Negligent Omission Crime

过失不作为犯中的义务违反包括作为义务的违反和注意义务的违反,其中作为义务与注意义务之间存在何种关系,是过失不作为犯成立构造上的重要问题。由于过失作为犯的存在,以及违反作为义务的行为未必违反注意义务,违反作为义务的行为需要通过注意义务违反的特征来实现过失正犯与共犯的区分等原因,所以严格区分作为义务与注意义务是必要的。作为义务与注意义务在过失不作为犯中所具备的功能不同,应当基于功能论的二层区分对两者予以明确区分。作为义务违反具有行为识别的功能,将作为刑法评价对象的行为选取出来;而注意义务违反的作用则在于不法属性的区分,实现限定刑法处罚的范围的功能,由此可解决作为义务与注意义务的区分难题。

The breach of obligation in negligent omission includes the breach of act obligation and the breach of duty of care.The relationship between act obligation and duty of care is an important issue in the establishment of negligent omission.Because the existence of negligent act as crime and the act of violating act obligation may not violate the duty of care,and the act of violating act obligation needs to distinguish between negligent principal and accomplice through the characteristics of the breach of duty of care,it is necessary to strictly distinguish act obligation and duty of care.The functions of act obligation and duty of care in negligent omission crime are different,so we should make a clear distinction between them based on the two-tier division of functional theory.As a violation of obligation,it has the function of behavior selection,which selects the behavior as the object of criminal law evaluation;The function of breach of duty of care lies in the division of illegal attribute,realizing the function of limiting the scope of criminal punishment,which can solve the problem of division between duty of care and duty of care.