从强盛到衰落:莫卧儿帝国统治下的社会矛盾与隐患

From Prosperity to Decline:Social Contradiction and Hidden Danger under the Rule of the Mughal Empire

莫卧儿帝国是欧亚大陆近代早期历史中著名的陆上帝国,其早期的专制帝王依靠传奇的军功、个人魅力和高超的统治技巧,使帝国的军事扩张与国家繁荣并存、社会秩序与宗教包容并立,然而在帝国走向强盛的顶点后,盛世的表面下隐藏着巨大的社会矛盾与隐患:印度教与伊斯兰教信仰方式的差异、制度性国家治理方式的缺失、陆上帝国对海防的忽视、内卷的村社经济,这一切造成的结果是一个包容却并不团结的社会依然延续对外来入侵麻木不仁的传统。

The Mughal Empire was a famous land empire in the early modern history of Eurasia.Its early absolute emperors,relying on legendary military achievements,personal charm and superb ruling skills,made the military expansion of the empire coexist with national prosperity,and social order tolerably coexist with reli⁃gious.However,after the empire reached the peak of prosperity,there were huge social contradiction and hid⁃den danger under the surface of the prosperous times:such as the different ways of religion between Hinduism and Islam,the lack of institutional governance,the land empire's neglect of coastal defense and the involution of village community economy,which resulted in an inclusive but not united society that continued its tradition of indifference to foreign invasion.