论人文主义中作为精神科学的趣味

On Taste as a Spiritual Science in Humanism

伽达默尔将趣味作为人文主义的核心概念之一,并借助其追求艺术经验里的真理问题,这是与西方哲学的传统分不开的。实际上,趣味概念之所以能够作为真理问题缘自于其精神科学的意义,也就是说,我们可以通过趣味概念考察真理问题扩大到精神科学里的理解问题。在精神科学的意义上,休谟将趣味看作人性的延伸,包含情感和理智,情感使趣味具有了创造意义,在理智的指引下成为一种认识能力。然而,休谟的趣味理论面临着无穷倒退和循环论的指责,趣味的标准问题最终未能得到有效解决。康德将趣味的标准问题诉诸于共通感,在伽达默尔看来,共通感是教化普遍本质的表达,而趣味是建基于共通感之上的先验的审美判断。相对于休谟而言,康德虽然解决了趣味的标准问题,却用无限提升的主观性压抑了客观性,使趣味失去了认识论意义。

Gadamer takes taste as one of the core concepts of humanism,and pursues the truth in art experience with the help of it,which is inseparable from the tradition of Western philosophy.In fact,the concept of taste,as a question of truth,derives from its sig-nificance as spiritual science,that is to say,we can study the question of truth in spiritual science through the concept of taste.In the sense of spiritual science,Hume regards taste as an extension of human nature,which including emotion and reason,emotion make taste have creative meaning and become a kind of cognitive ability under the guidance of reason.However,Hume's theory of taste is fa-cing the accusation of infinite regression and recycling theory,and the standard problem of taste cannot be solved effectively in the end.Kant appeals to the question of the standard of taste to the common sense.On Gadamer's opinion,the common sense is the expression of the universal nature of Bildung,while the taste is a transcendental aesthetic judgment based on the common sense.Compared with Hume,Although Kant solved the problem of the standard of taste,he suppressed the objectivity with the infinitely improved subjectivi-ty,which made taste lose its epistemological significance.