美国“警察权”概念的起源与演进

The Origin and Evolution of the Police Power in America

警察权是美国法中的一个重要概念,探明警察权的变迁历程是我们理解相关概念以及探析域外公法制度的首要前提。一般认为,欧洲的“警察学”是“警察”概念的智识基础,“警察”一词在北美的移植为“警察权”概念的出现提供了组词上的可能。与此同时,在民族独立和创立联邦的时代共识下,带有州主权属性的“内部警察”逐渐融入“警察”的内涵之中,并成为“警察权”概念的前身。正是在这一背景之下,1827年联邦最高法院在布朗案的判决首次使用了“警察权”这一表述,“警察权”的概念由此而生。之后,美国奴隶制问题的加剧进一步促进了这一概念的传播。此外,随着美国“脱警察化”进程的深入,“警察之权力”与“警察权”的概念日益分离,“警察权”得以发展为一个独立的实质性概念。

The police power is an important concept in American law.A study of this conceptual evolution is the prerequisite for understanding the related concepts and analyzing extraterritorial public law systems.It is generally belpieved thatpolice sciencein Europe is the intellectual basis of the concept—police,and the transplantation ofolicein North America also provides morphological possibility for the generation ofthe police power.At the same time,under the consensus of national independence and federalization,the sovereign attribute of tthhee pstoaltieces pwoawse grradually integrated into the connotation ofpolice,andinternal policebecame the predecessor of.It is in the judgment ofBrown v.Marylandthatthe police powercame into being.After thatht,the aggravation of the slavery further promoted its spread.With Americandepolicization,police powerande police powerhave been increasingly separated,and the latter becomes an independent substantive concept.