狩猎采集者的高海拔适应——对青藏高原与安第斯山脉的比较考古学研究

High-Altitude Adaptation of Hunter Gatherers: A Comparison between the Tibetan Plateau and the Andean Altiplano Occupants

近些年来,青藏高原早期考古材料的发现和研究越来越多,国内外考古学界和分子人类学界对最早的藏民问题也展开了激烈的讨论。本文从比较考古学和文化生态学的视角出发,通过介绍安第斯高地地区早期的考古材料和相关研究,来评估“最早的藏民”与“为何移居高原”两个问题的诸多观点。本文认为在今后的研究中应该考虑到高原内部自然环境的差异对狩猎采集者的社会组织产生的影响,并把注意力放在年代测定与生计策略的研究上。

New archaeological recordon the Tibetan Plateau dated to the Upper Paleolithic and new discoveries by genetic anthropologists result in heated debates in during the recent decades, especiallyon who first occupied the Tibetan Plateau and on how they arrived there. This paper aims to assess perspectives on the followingtwo issues, that is,“the first Tibetans” and the causes of the occupation, by a comparison study of the archaeological remains left by the early Tibetan and Andean highlanders, both of whom have formed long-term physical adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Cultural ecology of the Tibetan Plateau should be considered,since patches might have provided opportunities for the early settlers. In the further archaeological fieldwork,both accurate chronological control and substantial studies on subsistence should be emphasized.