数据财产权到访问权:欧盟数据设权立法转型解析

From Data Property Right to Access Right:An Analysis of the Shift in EU Legislation of Data Right Establishment

欧盟数据设权立法经历了从“产权化”到“去产权化”的转型,这一转型是欧盟学界、产业界和立法者经过长期辩论和论证所达成的共识。在吸取首次数据产权化失败经验的基础上,加之二次产权化立法尝试的受阻,欧盟立法者最终创设数据访问权以代替数据生产者权,旨在实现“解锁”数据的目标而非创设财产权以“锁定”数据。基于欧盟数据设权立法转型的历史经验,我国未来数据立法应审慎设立数据财产权。数据唯其持有者独家控制和使用的事实是当前最需化解的市场失灵问题,通过为非数据持有者的主体创设法定访问权恰恰是对此最有效的回应。为此,可将我国当前的数据“三权分置”建构为不同主体的非排他或非专有的使用权,同时为数据来源者创设法定访问权,以此实现数据流通利用的最大化。

The legislation concerning data property rights in the European Union has undergone a transformative shift from a focus on"Propertisation"to a move towards"access rights."This transition re-flects the consensus reached by the academic and industrial communities after extensive scientific delib-eration.Building on the lessons learned from the initial unsuccessful attempts to establish data property rights and the subsequent challenges encountered in the second legislative attempts,EU lawmakers have ultimately introduced data access rights as a substitute for data producer rights.The primary objective is to foster data sharing rather than creating property rights that could lead to data monopolization.Drawing on the historical experience of the EU's transition in data property rights legislation,it is advisable for China to approach the establishment of data property rights with caution.The prevailing market failure issue that needs to be addressed is the exclusive control and use of data by its holders.A more effective response to this issue is to create legal access rights for non-data holders.Therefore,China can construct its current framework of"separation of three rights"for data as non-exclusive or non-proprietary use rights,while simultaneously establishing access rights for data providers,thereby ensuring a more effi-cient circulation and utilization of data.