论突发危机事件中虚假信息治理的公益诉讼理念

On Approach to Punishing False Information on Crisis Emergencies by Public Interest Litigation

突发危机事件的虚假信息经由网络平台传播的规模性现象亟待治理,该类信息之所以成为法律治理难点,一源于该类虚假信息的特定属性,即于公法或私法而言其法益侵害的非显著性或法益侵害类型的模糊性。二源于治理传统媒体高效能的行政监管策略因为各类平台、自媒体“组织人”身份解构而显得治理效果相当有限。就消费权益维权思路而言,网络媒体运营者传播此类虚假信息所致利益侵害的微量、无感及举证不便,使得用户的私益诉讼不具可救济性。民事公益诉讼的恰当性即在于有效地将被侵害的分散的利益“聚微为重”并有助于将民众所享有的、模糊且不确定的民事基本权利转换成清晰可见的现实诉权。作为民事公益诉讼补充的行政公益诉讼以净化网络生态为诉求利益,改变过度依赖公法治理的单一途径。司法追责应区分相关主体过失或故意的过错,并结合编造、传播虚假信息的动机及类型,合理确定责任轻重与可合理免责问题。民事公益诉讼应强化中华全国新闻工作者协会、中国互联网协会及其地方机构的适格主体身份与诉讼意识,行政公益诉讼以检察机关为主体需合理分配并细化证明义务。

The large-scale phenomenon of false information spread through online platforms in crisis emergencies urgently needs to be addressed.The reason why this type of information is difficult to be effectively punished in legal governance is due to the specific attributes of such false information,i.e.,the non-significance of legal interest infringement or the ambiguity of legal interest infringement in public or private law.In addition,the administrative supervision strategy being applicable to traditional media cannot play a role in punishing internet false information due to the deconstruction of various platforms and the“organizer”identities of self-media.From the perspective of consumer rights protection,the triviality,insensitivity,and inconvenience in providing evidence of interest infringement caused by the dissemination of such false information by online media operators makes user private interest litigation unactionable.The appropriateness of civil public interest litigation lies in effectively aggregating the scattered interests that have been infringed upon and helping to transform the basic civil rights enjoyed by the public,which are vague and uncertain,into clear and visible real litigation rights.Administrative public interest litigation,as a supplement to civil public interest litigation,aims to purify the network ecosystem and change the single path of excessive reliance on public law governance.Judicial accountability should distinguish between the negligence or intentional fault of relevant subjects,and combine the motivation and types of fabricating and disseminating false information to reasonably determine the degree of responsibility and the issue of reasonable exemption.Civil public interest litigation should strengthen the qualified subject identity and litigation awareness of the All China Journalists Association,the China Internet Association,and their local institutions.Administrative public interest litigation should reasonably distributed and the burden of proof should be refined with the procuratorial organs as the main body.