语力论经典与鼎新:从弗雷格到雷卡纳蒂

Classic Interpretation and New Exposition of Force:From Frege to Recanati

语力概念可追溯至弗雷格,而语力系统阐述及进一步发展应归功于奥斯汀和塞尔等言语行为论者。然而,经典语力论至少存在以下问题:(1)没有清晰定义何为语力;(2)没有厘清语力与规约或规则的关系;(3)没有论证语力取消机制。雷卡纳蒂提倡的施为话语语用学可为解决这些难题提供一条有效路径。首先,语力可定义为一种由话语“指示”的意向性意义;其次,语力的表达既关涉语言规约又关涉社会规约,但不完全依赖构成性规则;最后,语力在功能上可区分为语力指示符和语力认可符,前者联结命题,后者关涉言者对命题的接受与否,能够被取消的仅是语力认可符。以施为话语语用学来探究语力,既有助于完善经典语力论,又可推进语力研究的鼎新与再发展。

The concept of force can be traced to Frege whereas the systematic study and further development of it owe a great deal to Austin and Searle and their followers who support the speech act theory.However,classic speech act theory at least has three problems:(1)it did not define“force”clearly;(2)it did not clarify the relations between force and conventions/rules;(3)it did not show the cancellation mechanism of force.The Pragmatics of Performative Utterances proposed by Recanati offers a feasible way to solve these problems.Firstly,force can be defined as a kind of intentional meaning“indicated”by utterances.Secondly,the expression of force is constrained by both linguistic and social conventions but not completely determined by constitutive rules.Lastly,force in function can be discriminated as forcetropic which connects propositions and forceneustic which indicates whether speakers accept the propositions or not.What can be cancelled is only forceneustic.Investigating force from the perspective of the Pragmatics of Performative Utterances is not only conducive to promote classic arguments on force but also beneficial to the reform and further development of force study.