集聚、迁徙与动态均衡:嵩山周边史前聚落的空间格局

Concentration,Diffusion and Dynamic Equilibrium:Spatial Patterns of Prehistoric Settlements around Songshan Mountain

运用GIS空间分析和环境指标测试方法,探讨嵩山周边的颍河上中游地区(龙山晚期,约4.2~4.0 ka B.P.)、双洎河上游地区(新砦时期,约4.0~3.8 ka B.P.)和洛阳盆地的伊河—洛河中游地区(二里头时期,约3.8~3.5 ka B.P.)的3个遗址群的时空特征。结果表明:(1)标准差椭圆分析和核密度分析结果显示,颍河上游聚落群和二里头聚落群的空间集聚特征显著,集聚度分别为0.21,0.66;而新砦聚落群的集聚度仅为0.04,聚落呈显著的离散特征。(2)Voronoi资源域分析显示,从龙山晚期到二里头时期聚落的资源域逐渐减小,由6.83 km 2减少至0.36 km 2,表明单位土地的农业效率显著提高。(3)聚落的位序-规模拟合结果显示,颍河上游聚落和二里头聚落的首位度突出,核心聚落规模较大,空间集聚维数大于1,反映两个时期聚落规模的两极分化较为显著。(4)集聚是史前聚落空间均衡的一般模式,随着生产力发展而表现出不同的空间格局。

The surrounding area of the Songshan Mountains is the origin of the Xia culture and the core of Henan prehistoric cultures.The spatial distribution of the settlements in the upper and middle reaches of Yinghe River(the Late Longshan Period,ca.4.2~4.0 ka B.P.)and upper reaches of Shuangji River(the Xinzhai Period,ca.4.0~3.8 ka B.P.)and middle reaches of Yihe-Luohe River(the Erlitou Period,ca.3.8~3.5 ka B.P.)were studied using ArcGIS 10.2 software and soil sample testing methods.Standard deviation ellipse analysis(SDE)shows that the spatial concentration characteristics of the upper Yinghe River settlement group and Erlitou settlement group are significant,the concentration degree is 0.21 and 0.66,respectively,while that of the Xinzhai settlement group is only 0.04,and the diffusion characteristics of the settlement are obvious.The kernel density analysis shows that the high density areas of the three settlements correspond to the Wangchenggang-Wadian area in the upper reaches of Yinghe River,Xinzhai-Guchengzhai area in the upper reaches of Shuangku River and Erlitou-Cuoli area in the Yiluohe River Basin.Voronoi resource domain analysis shows that from the late Longshan to Erlitou periods,the resource domain of settlements gradually decreased(6.83~0.36 km 2),indicating that productivity level and population capacity per unit area increased.Double logarithmic fitting results of the studied site groups show that the primacy of settlements in the upper reaches of Yinghe River and Erlitou site groups is prominent.Concentration is but a general pattern of spatial equilibrium of prehistoric settlements,which showed different spatial patterns with the development of productive forces.