海岸分类的回顾与展望

Review and prospect of coastal classification

海岸带是陆地与海洋相交的区域,受到多种自然和人为因素的影响,进行合理的海岸分类对于科学认识、合理开发、有效管理和保护海岸带资源至关重要。本文回顾海岸带分类的研究历程,探讨不同分类方案的划分依据,并强调海岸带的多维性和复杂性。从早期的地理地貌特征划分到现代的综合性海岸分类体系,海岸带分类方案不断演变,并受到各个时代的资料积累、知识体系、观测技术及制图展示效果等方面的深刻影响。不同国家和地区的学者在分类方案上存在一定的差异,体现了各地的地理地质背景、研究重点、开发利用方式等方面的特点,也隐含着研究人员的观察视角。主要源于陆地的物质属性和主要源于海洋的能量条件,越来越成为海岸分类的重要指标。人类活动对海岸带的影响不容忽视,人工海岸的比例已经迅速上升,但在海岸带分类体系中的研究仍有所欠缺,原因包括世界观、方法论和价值观等多个层面。建议从海岸动力作用环境和沉积物供应条件两方面考虑人类活动如何影响海岸带系统状态,而海岸带类别体系里可以增加人工建造和人工改造两个新的大类。通过深化分类方法和细化分类层次,同时向综合与细化两个方向推动海岸分类体系研究,可以更好地实现海岸带资源的保护与可持续利用,促进人与自然的和谐共存。

The coastal zone is the area where land and sea intersecting,which is affected by many natural and anthropogenic factors.It is important to establish a sound classification scheme of coastal zone for scientific understanding,rational development,effective management and protection of coastal resources.Here we review the research progress in coastal zone classification,evaluate the various classification schemes,and identify the multi-dimension nature and complexity of the coastal zone.From the early geographical and geomorphic feature classification to the modern comprehensive methodology,the classification schemes have evolved continuously,and have been deeply influenced by data acquisition,knowledge system,observation technology and cartographic display effect in different historical periods.Scholars in different countries and regions have certain differences in the proposed schemes,which reflects the characteristics of geographical and geological background,research focus,development and utilization methods,and implies the observation perspective of the researchers.Physical properties,mainly determined by land,and energy conditions,mainly constrained by the sea,become key indicators for coastal classification.Likewise,impact of anthropogenic activities cannot be ignored,as the proportion of artificial coasts has increased rapidly;however,there is still a lack of effort to take these into account in the classification practice,with varied world views,methods and values.Thus,we suggest that the anthropogenic activities should be considered to affect the coastal zone system in terms of coastal dynamic environment and sediment supply conditions;in particular,two new categories should be added to the present schemes,i.e.artificially constructed and modified coastal zones.By improving the methodology,refining classification criteria,and promoting comprehensive and detailed studies,the protection and sustainable utilization of coastal resources can be better realized,together with a harmonious coexistence between human and nature.