制簿与度田:实度粢田中的孙吴基层管理

Bookkeeping and Land Measurement:Grassroots Management in Zitian of Wu Kingdom

吴简所载嘉禾四年实度粢田相关文书,反映了孙吴地方官府对人口、土地等资源的管理模式。粢田由劝农掾绞促岁伍约敕户父自实。户父是受到官府与法律承认的男性尊长,是户主身份与家长身份结合的产物,是官府借用自然家庭的权威组织资源的尝试。户父自实粢田的结果由岁伍查证,显示了孙吴基层对乡里制度的调整与补充。“里”是孙吴最为基础的行政单位。里魁作为“里”的管理者,较为稳定地承担制作基层文书的职责。岁伍负责实度粢田、隐核私学和州吏等临时性任务的实地调查。里魁所制各里簿籍,是岁伍开展实地调查工作的基础。岁伍的调查结果则是里魁制作更为精确簿籍的补充与保障。劝农掾在里魁与岁伍分工与合作的基础上,完成对人口与土地等资源的管理。

The documents related to"Zitian"in the Wu bamboo slips reflect the management mode of the local government of Sunwu for population,land and other resources."Zitian"in Linxiang was urged by Quannongyuan,ruled by Suiwu and measured by Hufu.As a male elder,Hufu’s power was recognized by the government and the law,who was the product of the combination of household head and family power,and it was the attempt of the government to use the authority of the natural family to organize resources.The data reported by Hufu was verified by Suiwu,which showed the adjustment and supplement of grassroots system to the rural system in the Wu Kingdom.On the basis of division of labor and cooperation between Likui and Suiwu,Quannongyuan completed the control of population,land and other resources.Likui,the administrator of Li(the smallest administrative unit in Wu Kingdom)often undertook the production of grassroots books,while Suiwu was responsible for the field investigation of temporary tasks such as the actual measurement of farmland.The books produced by Likui were the basis for Suiwu to carry out field investigations,and the investigation results of Suiwu were the guarantee and supplement for Likui to produce more accurate books.