领导层设置制度史探:制衡、效率与协同

Exploration on the History of Leadership Setting System:Check and Balance,Effi ciency,and Coordination

权力制衡、提高效率与合力协同,是领导层设置时重点遵循的三个原则,对三个原则的不同侧重,形成了形态各异的领导层。独任制和包含正副职、强调正职权威的领导层设置,主要侧重效率的原则;不包含正副职和委员会色彩较重的领导层设置,主要侧重合力协同或互相制衡的原则。许多差遣色彩浓重的地方机构,通常没有正副职之设。在历代正式机构中和差遣形成的宰相机构中,常有正副职之设。对于副职与其他非主要领导的权力,可以从知情权、议事权、联署权、分工权与相对独立决策权、上述权等方面来考察。

Power check and balance,efficiency improvement,and effort-jointing coordination are the three key principles that must be followed when establishing a leadership structure.The emphasis and balance of these three principles result in diff erent forms of leadership structures.The single appointment system and the establishment of a leadership structure that includes principal and deputy positions and emphasizes the authority of the principal position,mainly focus on the principle of efficiency.The establishment of a leadership structure that does not include principal and deputy positions and has strong colors of a committee,mainly focuses on the principles of eff ort-jointing coordination or mutual check and balance.Many local organizations with strong colors of dispatching usually do not have the establishment of principal and deputy positions.In formal institutions throughout history and in the prime minister institutions formed by dispatching,there are often principal and deputy positions.The power of deputy and other non-main leaders can be examined from the perspectives of the right to know,the power to discuss,the power to jointly sign,the power to divide labor,the power to decide relatively independently,and the power to complain to superiors.