加拿大露天煤矿开采与生态环境保护研究

Research on mining and ecological environment protection in open-pit coal mine in Canada

研究分析了加拿大近51年露天煤矿的发展历程,采用定量研究和定性分析相结合的方法,对加拿大露天煤炭资源分布、露天煤矿生产现状和生产结构、开采技术和装备应用、生态环境保护等方面的规律、特点和经验做法进行了具体的研究与分析。结果表明,加拿大煤炭资源丰富、煤质优良,烟煤和无烟煤资源占比66%,炼焦煤出口排名世界第4、位于澳大利亚、美国、俄罗斯之后,对其本国经济具有极为重要的支撑作用;加拿大煤炭赋存条件优越,煤炭开发以露天开采为主,近年来,受煤炭退出政策的影响,煤炭总产量经过增加、稳定之后进入减少阶段,但露天煤矿产量占比一直保持在99%以上;加拿大露天煤炭开采工艺顺应煤炭赋存特点,开采装备主要来自美国和日本装备制造公司,开采效率高。介绍了加拿大露天煤矿生态环境保护措施及典型案例,加拿大从国家层面提出了“绿色采矿倡议(GMI)”和“国家遗弃/废弃矿山倡议(NOAMI)”等框架体系和目标要求,对新建/在产矿山和遗弃/废弃矿山进行了分类管理,露天煤矿生态环境保护的原则是不能低于原有生态水平。认为,加拿大露天煤矿的发展及其环境保护领域的经验值得我国露天煤矿借鉴。

The development history of open-pit coal mines in Canada over the past 51 years is analyzed with a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis methods,and the laws,characteristics,and empirical practices in the distribution of open-pit coal resources,the current production status and structure of open-pit coal mines,mining technology and equipment applications,ecological environment protection,and other aspects in Canada are studied and analyzed.The research results show that Canada has abundant coal resources with excellent coal quality,with bituminous and anthracite resources accounting for 66%;the export of coking coal ranks fourth in the world,behind Australia,the United States,and Russia,and plays an extremely important supporting role in the country's economy;the conditions for coal occurrence are superior,and coal development is mainly based on open-pit mining,influenced by the coal withdrawal policy in recent years,the total coal production has entered a decreasing stage after an increasing and then stabilizing process,while the proportion of open-pit coal mine production has remained above 99%;the open-pit coal mining process conforms to the characteristics of coal occurrence,and the mining equipment mainly comes from equipment manufacturing companies in the United States and Japan,with high mining efficiency.The ecological and environmental protection measures and typical cases of open-pit coal mines in Canada are introduced.Canada has proposed framework systems and target requirements such as the Green Mining Initiative(GMI)and the National Obsolete/Abandoned Mines Initiative(NOAMI)at the national level,and has classified and managed new/in-production and obsolete/abandoned mines.The principle of ecological and environmental protection for open-pit coal mines is that the new ecological level cannot be lower than the original level.The development of Canadian open-pit coal mines and their experience in environmental protection are worth learning from for China's open-pit coal mines.