“相互依存武器化”背景下的泛安全化解析——以美国对华科技竞争为例

Analysis of Pan-Securitization in the Context of the Weaponization of Interdependence:A Case Study of U.S.Technological Competition with China

伴随“相互依存武器化”在理论和实践维度的展开,一些国家对相互依存的认知发生了巨大转变。在“相互依存武器化”时代,国家的首要目标并非是确保如何从相互依存中获益,而是确保如何在相互依存中避免损失。“相互依存武器化”恶化国家安全环境,并在国际秩序变革的不确定性影响下,形成泛安全化威胁认知,进而在泛安全化实践中扩大了国家的政策困境。美国对华科技竞争是“相互依存武器化”的典型案例。从奥巴马政府开始,经过特朗普和拜登两届政府,泛安全化认知得以形成并逐步深化。美国对华科技竞争的泛安全化实践包括极度泛化的出口管制与投资审查、规模空前的机构改革与产业政策调整,以及无所不包的多维“盟伴”体系网络。在“相互依存武器化”的驱动下,美国奥巴马、特朗普、拜登三届政府不断强化泛安全化认知,以“脱钩”“小院高墙”“去风险”等不断强化对华科技竞争,构成美国对华战略竞争的主线。“相互依存”具有双重效应,美国对华发起贸易战、科技战,干扰全球产业链供应链安全与稳定,不仅使自身陷入科技、经济和联盟的困境,也使全球化进程受阻,其政策难以具有可持续性。

As the weaponization of interdependence has unfolded in its theoretical and practical dimensions,there has been a dramatic shift in the perception of interdependence in a number of States.In the era of the weaponization of interdependence,the primary objective of States is not to make sure how to benefit from interdependence,but to ensure how to avoid losses from interdependence.The weaponization of interdependence has exacerbated security environments.Under the influence of the profound uncertainties in the international order,States have developed pan-securitized threat perceptions and deepened policy dilemmas in their pan-securitization practice.The U.S.technological competition with China is a typical case of the weaponization of interdependence.Beginning with the Obama administration,through the Trump and Biden administrations,the perception of pan-securitization has been formed and developed.The pan-securitization practice of the U.S.in its technological competition with China includes extremely broad import and export controls and investment review,unprecedented institutional reforms and industrial policy adjustments,as well as an all-encompassing multidimensional network of alliances and partners.Driven by the weaponization of interdependence,the Obama,Trump and Biden administrations have constantly strengthened their perception of pan-securitization and intensified technological competition with China by upgrading such means as“decoupling”,“small courtyard with a high fence”and“de-risking”,which constitutes the main line of U.S.strategic competition with China.Interdependence has a dual effect.The trade and technology war launched by the U.S.has jeopardized its own security and the stability of the global supply chain,not only dragging the U.S.into a technological,economic and alliance predicament,but also hindering the process of globalization and making the world slide into the danger of cold war confrontation.The U.S.policies that go against the trend of the era will eventually end up in failure.