法院适用家庭教育指导令的制度优化

System Optimization of the Application of Decree of Family Education Guidance in Court

家庭教育指导令是作用于恢复和补救家庭教育功能的救济性规则,在家庭教育干预体系中承担程序保障功能。《家庭教育促进法》实施以来,法院适用家庭教育指导令呈局部过热、整体偏冷的双面镜像,部分法院积极突破法定条件,降低标准、扩大范围泛化适用;更多法院基于治理效果、办案压力、保障机制等因素对该制度适用持保守态度,倾向选择性适用或者回避适用。这种状况的根源在于作为新制度的家庭教育指导令,存在基础理论准备不足和规范供给不足的两难困境。家庭教育指导令在主动司法特征和保护性、惩戒性属性方面尚未达成价值共识,难以指引法院准确适用;其制度规范内容不全面、不系统,形式粗犷,无法对法院适用指导令形成有效约束。完善家庭教育指导令制度,首先应确立儿童利益最大化、过责相当和辅助性等基本原则;其次,从实体和程序两方面完善制度规则体系,有效解决法院适用家庭教育指导令裁量空间过大、适用条件不具体、执行缺乏社会性支持等主要问题。

The compulsory parental education order is a remedial rule to restore and remedy the function of family education and responsible for procedural guarantees in the family education intervention system.Since implementing the Family Education Promotion Law,the court's application of compulsory parental education order has shown a double-sided mirror image of partial overheating and overall coldness.Some courts actively apply it by lowering the legal standards and expanding the legal scope.However,more courts hold a conservative attitude toward applying of this system based on factors such as the implementation effect,human resources,and ensure mechanisms.They tend to apply the system selectively or to avoid its application.The root cause lies in insufficient basic theoretical and supply of norms in the compulsory parental education order as a new system.Because there is no consensus on the value of compulsory parental education orders,neither active judicial characteristics nor protective and punitive institutional attributes,it is difficult to guide courts to apply them accurately.At the same time,the content of institutional norms needs to be more comprehensive and systematic,and the form is rough,which cannot form practical constraints on the application of the Court.To improve the system of compulsory parental education orders,it is necessary,firstly,to establish basic principles such as maximizing the interests of children,equal accountability,and assistance.Secondly,to improve the system of institutional rules in terms of both substantive and procedural aspects,so as to effectively slove the main issues of the court's application of the parental education guidance order such as excessive room for discretion,the lack of specificity in the conditions of application,and the lack of social support for its implementation.