可穿戴阻力训练的运动表现优化机理、作用机制及应用研究

Research on the Optimization Mechanism,Acting Mechanisms,and Application of Exercise Performance in Wearable Resistance Training

可穿戴阻力训练(wearableresistancetraining,WRT)指将“微负荷”附加到身体的躯干和四肢部位,用于在特定动作下进行高速阻力训练。通过梳理国内外相关研究,从WRT对运动表现特异性转移的优化、作用机制和应用效果等方面进行综述。研究发现:1)WRT可以优化影响速度和敏捷等运动表现转移的因素,如缺乏速度、运动范围受限、肌肉收缩类型差异和比赛环境脱节等。2)WRT提升运动表现的作用机制包括转动惯量作用因素、神经系统的适应性、能量代谢特征、预激活效应和个性化适应特征。3)WRT对冲刺跑影响方面,手臂附载WRT可能改善短跑运动中与步幅相关的特征;下肢附载WRT会提供一种独特的训练刺激,通过增加转动惯量刺激水平力产生;躯干附载WRT可以为运动员提供更大的垂直地面反作用力,使最大速度阶段比加速阶段更超载,并实现最大冲刺速度能力的提高。4)身体附载WRT进行相关训练对速度、爆发力、弹跳和变向移动等运动能力具有潜在的改善优势。5)上肢附载外部负荷≤2.5%BM,下肢附载外部负荷≤5%BM,躯干附载外部负荷5%~30%BM的训练负荷更为合理。未来应重点从附载方式和受试者特征等方面进行研究。教练员可以考虑将WRT作为日常辅助训练工具配合其他阻力训练一并使用,其有望改善周期和非周期性类项目的运动表现。

Wearable resistance training(WRT)refers to attaching“light load”to the trunk and limbs of the body,so as to conduct high-speed resistance training in specific movements.This study reviewed the principles of specific transfer,mechanism on action,and application effects of WRT in sports performance.It is found that:1)WRT can optimize the factors which affecting the transfer of sports performance,such as lack of speed,limited range of motion,differences in muscle contraction types,and disconnection of competition environment.2)The mechanism of WRT improving sports performance include moment of inertia,adaptability of nervous system,characteristics of energy metabolism,pre activation effect and personalized adaptation characteristics.3)In terms of sprint,WRT on arm may improve the characteristics related to stride during sprint;WRT on lower limbs will provide a unique training stimulus,which is generated by increasing the moment of inertia to stimulate the horizontal force;WRT on trunk can provide greater vertical ground reaction force for athletes,make the maximum speed stage more overloaded than the acceleration stage,and improve the ability of maximum sprint speed.4)WRT has potential advantages in improving speed,explosive force,jumping and direction changing ability.5)The optimal load in WRT is the upper limb load≤2.5%BM,the lower limb load≤5%BM,the trunk load 5%~30%BM.WRT can be considered by coaches as a daily auxiliary training tool with other resistance training,which is expected to improve the performance of periodic and non periodic sports.