论马克思世界历史“周期率”论的整体逻辑

The Overall Logic of Marx's Theory of the Cyclical Pattern of World History

马克思认为世界历史的发展趋势是实现共产主义,据此人类实现自由和解放。他把世界历史总体上划分为两大阶段,第一阶段是阶级社会阶段(史前史),并且是充满阶级斗争的历史;第二阶段是阶级、国家、民族消亡的阶段,这后一个阶段是史前史的终结以及真正的世界历史的开始。但是,在第一阶段里,尽管生产力不断发展,生产关系也不断变化,但是由于生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动,总是导致一个“特殊阶级”推翻另一个“特殊阶级”,世界历史表现为循环往复的“周期率”。而随着资本主义矛盾的世界化,必然形成一个代表全人类共同利益的“普遍阶级”,这个阶级不再是以往的“特殊阶级”,因而能够作为世界历史的主体创造新的历史阶段,把世界历史带到阶级、国家和民族消亡的历史阶段,这便是公有制为基础的共产主义社会,从而在根本上消除了世界历史的“周期率”。

Marx believed that the developmental trend of world history is the realization of communism,through which humanity achieves freedom and liberation.He divided world history into two major phases:the first phase being the era of class societies(prehistory)characterized by intense class struggles,and the second phase being the period where classes,states,and nations fade away.This latter stage marks the end of prehistory and the true beginning of world history.However,in the first phase,despite continuous advancements in productive forces and evolving social relations,the inherent contradictions between productive forces and relations of production consistently led to one“particular class”overthrowing another“particular class”,resulting in a cyclical and repetitive“cyclical pattern”in world history.With the globalization of capitalist contradictions,there inevitably emerges a“universal class”representing the common interests of all humanity.This class is no longer a“particular class”as seen in the past,and it can thus act as the primary agent of world history,ushering in a new historical phase where class,state,and nationality fade away.This phase constitutes a communist society based on common ownership,fundamentally eliminating the“cyclical pattern”of world history.