如何更好地补偿弱势群体?——机会平等理论视角下高校招生倾斜政策的比较研究

How to Better Compensate Disadvantaged Groups?——Cross-country Analysis on the Class-based Affirmative Action from the Perspective of Equality of Opportunity Theory

在基础教育与家庭社会经济背景尚存不平等的情况下,采取合适的高校招生倾斜政策对弱势群体进行补偿是十分必要的。在此基础上,通过对分配正义的理论分析,并结合优绩主义对才能的定义及其批判,探寻高校招生倾斜政策产生的理论渊源。基于约翰·罗默机会平等理论,从划分环境组别、确定努力类别、给予同等努力同等结果三个维度,分析了美国百分比计划、英国背景招生政策、中国三大专项计划的高校招生倾斜措施。结果发现,美国的百分比计划最接近机会平等理论的诉求,而英国的背景招生政策则在上述三维度均有改进空间,我国三大专项计划对弱势群体的识别较为粗糙,但政策执行更加有效。综合理论与实践,我国高校招生倾斜政策应进一步扩大覆盖面,重视对更多不利环境的补偿,且需通过多维度指标更加精准识别弱势群体。

In the context of persisting educational and socioeconomic inequalities,the implementation of appropriate class-based affirmative action policies in college admissions becomes imperative to compensate disadvantaged groups.This study explores the theoretical underpinnings of class-based affirmative action in college enrollment through an analysis of distributive justice,accompanied by the definition and critique of meritocracy perspectives on talent.Drawing on John Romer's equality of opportunity theory at the methodological level,this paper analyzes class-based affirmative action policies,specifically the"top percentage plan"in the United States,"contextual admission"in the United Kingdom,and China's"three special projects",from the perspective of equal opportunity theory.The analysis focuses on three dimensions:categorization of circumstances,determination of effort thresholds,and equitable outcomes for equal efforts.The findings reveal that the"top percentage plan"in the United States aligns most closely with the principles of equality of opportunity theory.However,the"contextual admission"policy in the United Kingdom exhibits room for improvement across all three aforementioned dimensions.China's"three special projects"demonstrate a relatively rudimentary identification of disadvantaged groups,resembling a specific dimension of the UK's contextual admissions policy.Nevertheless,China's policy implementation proves more effective.Based on theoretical analysis and educational practice,China's class-based affirmative action should expand its scope,prioritize compensation for more disadvantaged environments,and employ multidimensional indicators to accurately identify disadvantaged groups.