地下建筑内氡分布与去除技术研究进展

Radon Distribution and Removal Technology Advance in Underground Buildings

地球上氡来自于放射性元素的衰变,氡无色无味,在地下密闭空间中的浓度高低依赋存条件变化差异很大.欧盟和我国对室内氡水平有较为严格的要求,分别为50 Bq/m^(3)和100 Bq/m^(3).氡具有放射性,其半衰期为3.83 d,衰变的子体多为金属,仍具有放射性.人员长期暴露于氡浓度水平较高的环境中,会因氡和衰变子体的放射性引发内照射使滞留在这些空间中的人员受到放射性沾染,引发各种病症,多见为呼吸系统肿瘤.较为详尽的综述了近年来国内外对室内氡污染水平,特别是典型地下密闭空间氡污染水平的研究,并重点介绍了地铁(1.2~166.5 Bq/m^(3))、典型坑道(105.3~4434.2 Bq/m^(3))、矿井(1952~5121 Bq/m^(3))、国防工程(39~17169 Bq/m^(3))、地下实验室(28~482 Bq/m^(3))的氡污染水平.已有研究表明,在一些通风不畅或者较难通风的密闭空间中氡超标比较严重.还介绍了近年来国内外密闭空间内氡防护和去除技术研究的发展情况,分析了各种技术的特点,提出隔离防氡和变压吸附分离富集去除氡是较为可行和应重点发展的研究方向.

The Radon on earth comes from the decay of radioactive elements,which is colorless and odorless gas.Its concentration in underground enclosed space is significantly dependent on environmental conditions.The Radon restriction standards of European Union and China for indoor rooms,are 50 Bq/m^(3) and 100 Bq/m^(3),respectively.Radon is radioactive with a half-life of 3.83 d,and most of its decay daughters are metal particles,which are still radioactive.Longterm exposure of personnel to environments with high levels of Radon concentration can lead to radioactive diseases due to the radiation contamination of Radon and its decay daughters,most commonly respiratory tumors.The levels of indoor Radon pollution at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed,especially in typical underground enclosed spaces.Typically,the Radon pollution levels in subways were 1.2~166.5 Bq/m^(3),and the data of typical tunnels,mines,national defense engineering and underground laboratories were 105.3~4434.2 Bq/m^(3),1952~5121 Bq/m^(3),39~17169 Bq/m^(3),and 28~482 Bq/m^(3),respectively.It has been shown that Radon exceeds the standard more seriously in some enclosed spaces which are poorly ventilated or more difficult to ventilate.The development of the technologies of Radon protection and removal in enclosed spaces in recent years were also introduced.The characteristics of various technologies were analyzed,and proposed that isolation and protection of Radon,pressure swing adsorption separation and collection for Radon removal are more feasible ways and should be focused on the development of the research direction in future.